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Debt Covenant Restriction, Financial Misreporting, and Auditor Monitoring

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  • Jeffrey Pittman
  • Yuping Zhao

Abstract

Theory suggests that financial report‐based debt covenants engender incentives for the manager to relax covenant constraints through accounting choices in order to avoid costly covenant violations. Prior studies directly testing this hypothesis in the context of financial misreporting fail to find consistent evidence. Using a more refined measure of debt covenant restriction, we find that debt covenant restriction is positively associated with the probability of financial statement misstatements. This positive association is driven by performance covenants rather than capital covenants and is more consistent with the manager striving to avoid a “false‐positive” violation than to delay the violation. Our results also imply that managers resort to both income‐increasing and non–income‐increasing misreporting to relieve covenant constraints and rely more on the latter when faced with greater earnings management constraints. Additionally, the auditor charges higher audit fees to firms with more binding covenants even outside the violation state, and audit fees increase with constraints relative to both performance and capital covenants, reflecting greater financial reporting risk and bankruptcy risk, respectively. Within capital covenants, we find some evidence of even higher audit fees for tighter intangible‐inclusive versus intangible‐exclusive capital covenants. Lastly, our evidence suggests that the positive association between covenant constraints and misreporting is attenuated when the auditor has more experience with debt covenants, has greater bargaining power over the client, or faces greater litigation risk. Contraintes imposées par les clauses restrictives, inexactitude de l'information financière et contrôle exercé par les auditeurs En théorie, les clauses restrictives des contrats de prêt fondées sur l'information financière incitent les dirigeants à alléger les contraintes imposées par ces clauses grâce à des choix comptables leur permettant d'éviter d'onéreuses transgressions desdites clauses. Les précédentes études dans lesquelles cette hypothèse est directement mise à l'épreuve en situation d'inexactitude de l'information financière ne livrent pas de données cohérentes à cet égard. Utilisant une mesure plus élaborée des contraintes imposées par les clauses restrictives, les auteurs constatent que ces contraintes affichent un lien positif avec la probabilité que les états financiers comportent des anomalies. Ce lien s'explique par les clauses relatives à la performance plutôt que par les clauses relatives au capital et est plus compatible avec les efforts du dirigeant pour éviter une « transgression faussement positive » que pour retarder la divulgation de la transgression. Les constatations des auteurs laissent supposer également que les dirigeants ont recours aussi bien aux fausses déclarations qui augmentent le résultat qu'à celles qui ne l'augmentent pas pour alléger les contraintes imposées par les clauses restrictives, et qu'ils recourent davantage à ces dernières lorsqu'ils sont soumis à des contraintes plus importantes en ce qui a trait à la gestion du résultat. De plus, les auditeurs facturent des honoraires d'audit supérieurs aux sociétés dont les clauses restrictives sont plus contraignantes, même en l'absence de transgression, et les honoraires d'audit augmentent avec les contraintes relatives tant à la performance qu'au capital, ce qui dénote un degré de risque plus élevé d'inexactitude de l'information financière et de faillite. Dans le cas des clauses restrictives relatives au capital, les auteurs relèvent certaines données établissant que les honoraires d'audit augmentent davantage avec la rigueur de ces clauses lorsque ces dernières incluent les actifs incorporels que lorsqu'elles les excluent. Enfin, les observations réunies semblent indiquer que le lien positif entre les contraintes imposées par les clauses restrictives et les anomalies présentes dans l'information financière s'atténue lorsque l'auditeur est plus expérimenté au chapitre des clauses restrictives, que son pouvoir de négociation auprès du client est plus grand ou qu'il est exposé à un risque de litige plus élevé.

Suggested Citation

  • Jeffrey Pittman & Yuping Zhao, 2020. "Debt Covenant Restriction, Financial Misreporting, and Auditor Monitoring," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 37(4), pages 2145-2185, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:37:y:2020:i:4:p:2145-2185
    DOI: 10.1111/1911-3846.12579
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