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The Economic Effects of Special Purpose Entities on Corporate Tax Avoidance

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  • Paul Demeré
  • Michael P. Donohoe
  • Petro Lisowsky

Abstract

This study provides the first large‐sample evidence on the economic tax effects of special purpose entities (SPEs). These increasingly common organizational structures facilitate corporate tax savings by enabling sponsor firms to increase tax‐advantaged activities and/or enhance their tax efficiency (i.e., relative tax savings of a given activity). Using path analysis, we find that SPEs facilitate greater tax avoidance such that an economically large amount of cash tax savings from research and development (R&D), depreciable assets, net operating loss carryforwards, intangible assets, foreign operations, and tax havens occur in conjunction with SPE use. We estimate that SPEs help generate over $330 billion of incremental cash tax savings, or roughly 6 percent of total U.S. federal corporate income tax collections during the sample period. Interaction analyses reveal that SPEs enhance the tax efficiency of intangibles and R&D by 61.5 percent to 87.5 percent. Overall, these findings provide economic insight into complex organizational structures supporting corporate tax avoidance. Les répercussions économiques des entités ad hoc sur l’évitement fiscal Les auteurs exposent les conclusions d'une première étude portant sur un vaste échantillon, relative à l'aspect économique des répercussions fiscales des entités ad hoc, structures organisationnelles dont l'utilisation est de plus en plus courante. Les entités ad hoc facilitent la réalisation d'économies d'impôt sur les bénéfices en permettant à leurs promoteurs d'accroître leurs activités donnant droit à un traitement fiscal avantageux et (ou) en améliorant leur efficience fiscale (c'est‐à‐dire les économies d'impôt marginales liées à une activité donnée). En procédant à une analyse causale, les auteurs constatent que les entités ad hoc multiplient les possibilités d'évitement fiscal, si bien que le recours à ces entités engendre un montant en trésorerie d'économies d'impôt économiquement substantiel se rapportant aux activités de recherche et de développement (R‐D), aux actifs amortissables, aux reports prospectifs de pertes nettes d'exploitation, aux actifs incorporels, aux activités à l'étranger et aux paradis fiscaux. Selon l'estimation des auteurs, les entités ad hoc contribuent à générer plus de 330 milliards de dollars d'économies d'impôt en trésorerie marginales, soit environ 6 % du total des impôts fédéraux perçus par les États‐Unis sur les bénéfices des sociétés au cours de la période visée par l'étude. Des analyses des interactions révèlent que l'amélioration de l'efficience fiscale attribuable aux entités ad hoc se situe entre 61,5 % et 87,5 % en ce qui a trait aux actifs incorporels et aux activités de R‐D. Dans l'ensemble, ces résultats nous renseignent sur les aspects économiques de structures organisationnelles complexes auxquelles les entreprises ont recours dans leurs stratégies d'évitement fiscal.

Suggested Citation

  • Paul Demeré & Michael P. Donohoe & Petro Lisowsky, 2020. "The Economic Effects of Special Purpose Entities on Corporate Tax Avoidance," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 37(3), pages 1562-1597, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:37:y:2020:i:3:p:1562-1597
    DOI: 10.1111/1911-3846.12580
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