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Transfer Pricing: Strategies, Practices, and Tax Minimization

Author

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  • Kenneth J. Klassen
  • Petro Lisowsky
  • Devan Mescall

Abstract

Using a survey of tax executives from multinational corporations, we document that some firms set their transfer pricing strategy to minimize tax payments, but more firms focus on tax compliance. We estimate that a firm focusing on minimizing taxes has a GAAP effective tax rate that is 6.6 percentage points lower and generates about $43 million more in tax savings, on average, than a firm focusing on tax compliance. Available COMPUSTAT data on sample firms confirm our survey†based inferences. We also find that transfer pricing†related tax savings are greater when higher foreign income, tax haven use, and R&D activities are combined with a tax minimization strategy. Finally, compliance†focused firms report lower FIN 48 tax reserves than tax†minimizing firms, consistent with the former group using less uncertain transfer pricing arrangements. Collectively, our study provides direct evidence that multinational firms have differing internal priorities for transfer pricing, and that these differences are strongly related to the taxes reported by these firms.À l'aide d'un sondage réalisé auprès des chefs de services de fiscalité de sociétés multinationales, les auteurs étayent l'hypothèse selon laquelle les sociétés qui établissent leur stratégie en matière de prix de transfert visent parfois la réduction maximale de l'impôt qu'elles ont à payer, mais plus souvent le respect de leurs obligations fiscales. Les auteurs estiment qu'une société qui vise la réduction maximale de l'impôt présente, en moyenne, un taux d'imposition effectif en conformité avec les PCGR inférieur de 6,6 points de pourcentage et environ 43 millions de dollars de plus en économies fiscales générées qu'une société qui vise le respect de ses obligations fiscales. Les données COMPUSTAT disponibles sur les sociétés de l’échantillon confirment les inférences reposant sur les résultats de ce sondage. Les auteurs constatent également que les économies fiscales liées aux prix de transfert sont plus importantes lorsque sont conjugués un revenu étranger plus élevé, le recours aux paradis fiscaux et des activités de R&D avec une stratégie de réduction maximale de l'impôt. Enfin, les sociétés qui visent le respect de leurs obligations fiscales font état de provisions pour impôt, en application de l'interprétation FIN 48, qui sont moins élevées que les sociétés visant la réduction maximale de l'impôt, du fait que les sociétés du premier groupe adoptent moins de positions fiscales incertaines en matière de prix de transfert. Dans leur ensemble, les résultats de l’étude fournissent une preuve directe que les sociétés multinationales ont des proirités internes divergentes en ce qui a trait aux prix de transfert, et que ces divergences sont fortement liées aux impôts dont ces sociétés font état.

Suggested Citation

  • Kenneth J. Klassen & Petro Lisowsky & Devan Mescall, 2017. "Transfer Pricing: Strategies, Practices, and Tax Minimization," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 34(1), pages 455-493, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:34:y:2017:i:1:p:455-493
    DOI: 10.1111/1911-3846.12239
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    Cited by:

    1. Hemling, Lars & Plesner Rossing, Jacob Christian & Hoffjan, Andreas, 2022. "The use of information technology for international transfer pricing in multinational enterprises," International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, Elsevier, vol. 44(C).
    2. Kopel, Michael & Löffler, Clemens, 2023. "Tax differences and international location strategies," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 256(C).
    3. Giulia Flamini & Paola Vola & Lucrezia Songini & Luca Gnan, 2021. "The Determinants of Tax Aggressiveness in Family Firms: An Investigation of Italian Private Family Firms," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-21, July.
    4. Steens, Bert & Roques, Thibaut & Gonnet, Sébastien & Beuselinck, Christof & Petutschnig, Matthias, 2022. "Transfer pricing comparables: Preferring a close neighbor over a far-away peer?," Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, Elsevier, vol. 47(C).
    5. De Simone, Lisa & Klassen, Kenneth J. & Seidman, Jeri K., 2022. "The effect of income-shifting aggressiveness on corporate investment," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 74(1).
    6. Elemes, Anastasios & Blaylock, Bradley & Spence, Crawford, 2021. "Tax-motivated profit shifting in big 4 networks: Evidence from Europe," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
    7. da Silva Stefano, Gustavo & Antunes, Tiago dos Santos & Lacerda, Daniel Pacheco & Wolf Motta Morandi, Maria Isabel & Piran, Fabio Sartori, 2022. "The impacts of inventory in transfer pricing and net income: Differences between traditional accounting and throughput accounting," The British Accounting Review, Elsevier, vol. 54(2).
    8. Xia Chen & Qiang Cheng & Travis Chow & Yanju Liu, 2021. "Corporate In‐house Tax Departments," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 38(1), pages 443-482, March.
    9. Rebecca Reineke & Katrin Weiskirchner-Merten & Stefan Wielenberg, 2023. "When do firms use one set of books in an international tax compliance game?," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 28(3), pages 1856-1885, September.
    10. Chen, Hanwen & Liu, Siyi & Wang, Junjie & Wu, Zhijuan, 2022. "The effect of geographic proximity on corporate tax avoidance: Evidence from China," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    11. Paul Demeré & Michael P. Donohoe & Petro Lisowsky, 2020. "The Economic Effects of Special Purpose Entities on Corporate Tax Avoidance," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 37(3), pages 1562-1597, September.
    12. Lampenius, Niklas & Shevlin, Terry & Stenzel, Arthur, 2021. "Measuring corporate tax rate and tax base avoidance of U.S. Domestic and U.S. multinational firms," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 72(1).
    13. Rathke, Alex A.T. & Rezende, Amaury J. & Watrin, Christoph, 2020. "Classification of transfer pricing systems across countries," International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 151-167.
    14. Mihaela Paraschiva Luca & Ileana Tache, 2021. "Sustainability of Public Finance through the Lens of Transfer Prices and Their Associated Risks: An Empirical Research," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-19, June.
    15. Dyck, Daniel & Lorenz, Johannes & Sureth, Caren, 2022. "How do tax technology and controversy expertise affect tax disputes?," arqus Discussion Papers in Quantitative Tax Research 274, arqus - Arbeitskreis Quantitative Steuerlehre.
    16. Yanyan Ouyang & Chuanwang Sun & Xiaonan Wei & Chuangyu Xie, 2023. "Will Temperature Changes in the Host Country Reduce the Inflow of International Direct Investment? Micro Evidence from Chinese Listed Companies," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 86(4), pages 781-806, December.
    17. Jinshuai Hu & Siqi Li & Terry Shevlin, 2023. "How does the market for corporate control impact tax avoidance? Evidence from international M&A laws," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 28(1), pages 340-383, March.
    18. Plesner Rossing, Jacob Christian & Pearson, Thomas C., 2022. "Tax-compliant transfer pricing of intra-group services: The soft drink case," Journal of Accounting Education, Elsevier, vol. 61(C).
    19. Nicolay, Katharina & Nusser, Hannah & Pfeiffer, Olena, 2017. "On the interdependency of profit shifting channels and the effectiveness of anti-avoidance legislation," ZEW Discussion Papers 17-066, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
    20. Delis, Fotios & Economidou, Claire & Hasan, Iftekhar, 2022. "Democracy, Institutions, and International Profit-Shifting," MPRA Paper 111715, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    21. Mai, Nhat Chi, 2020. "The Effects Of The Base Erosion And Profit Shifting (Beps) Action 13 On Transfer Pricing Practices: A Comparative Empirical Study Of New Zealand And Vietnam," OSF Preprints gq27c, Center for Open Science.
    22. Sven-Eric Bärsch & Jost Heckemeyer & Marcel Olbert, 2023. "Do firms with a centralized transfer pricing authority have more tax disputes and internal coordination conflicts?," Journal of Business Economics, Springer, vol. 93(8), pages 1415-1450, October.
    23. Jacobo Gomez‐Conde & Ernesto Lopez‐Valeiras & Ricardo Malagueño & José Carlos Tiomatsu Oyadomari, 2022. "Quality of performance metrics, informal peer monitoring and goal commitment," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 62(3), pages 4041-4077, September.
    24. Kumar, Satish & Pandey, Neeraj & Lim, Weng Marc & Chatterjee, Akash Nil & Pandey, Nitesh, 2021. "What do we know about transfer pricing? Insights from bibliometric analysis," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), pages 275-287.

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