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Corporate Tax Incentives for Conglomerate Mergers: Model Development and Empirical Evidence

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  • MICHAEL S. H. SHIH

Abstract

. The occurrence of conglomerate mergers is somewhat of a mystery. This paper presents a model demonstrating a tax motive for these mergers. Specifically, conglomerate mergers are unions between firms with not highly correlated earning prospects—when one merger partner underperforms (earning inadequate income) in the future, the other is likely to overperform. By amalgamating such firms into common taxable entities, conglomerate mergers create several tax benefits: (1) improved chances that future tax write†offs and credits will be immediately utilized in full rather than deferred as less valuable loss†carryforwards; (2) reduced chances that tax write†offs and credits are permanently lost in bankruptcy; and (3) an enhanced ability to write off the interest on additional debt Empirical support for these results are presented. Given (1) and (2), the U.S. tax law changes in 1981 and 1986 would respectively encourage and discourage merger activity, outcomes that were indeed observed. Consistent with (3), a cross†sectional examination of U.S. mergers shows that mergers were more likely to increase consolidated leverage when earnings of the predecessor firms were less highly correlated. Nontax†related bankruptcy costs are not specifically modeled, but firms whose potential tax write†offs and credits are larger tend to have lower preference for leverage. Thus, in many instances diminishing bankruptcy risk is not a motive for conglomeration, but full utilization of tax write†offs is. Résumé. L'occurrence de certaines fusions par conglomérat demeure toujours inexpliquée. L'auteur expose un modèle attribuant les fusions de cette nature à des motifs fiscaux. Selon ce modèle, il en serait ainsi lorsque les fusions par conglomérat touchent des entreprises dont les perspectives de gains ne présentent pas de corrélation très élevée — le rendement escompté de l'une des entreprises qui fusionnent est plutôt mince (ses bénéfices étant insatisfaisants), alors que le rendement escompté de l'autre est assez exceptionnel. Le regroupement de ces entreprises sous forme d'entités imposables grâce à la fusion par conglomérat donnerait lieu, toujours selon ce modèle, aux avantages fiscaux suivants: (1) l'augmentation des chances que les éléments susceptibles d'être passés en charges aux fins de l'impôt ou de donner droit à des dégrèvements soient aussitôt utilisés intégralement plutôt que de faire l'objet de reports de perte prospectifs dont la valeur serait diminuée; (2) la réduction des risques que les éléments susceptibles d'être passés en charges aux fins de l'impôt ou de donner droit à des dégrèvements soient perdus à jamais à la suite d'une faillite; et (3) la possibilité accrue de passer en charges l'intérêt sur la dette supplémentaire. Les constatations empiriques confirment ces hypothèses. Étant donné les hypothèses 1 et 2, les modifications apportées à la loi fiscale aux États†Unis en 1981 et 1986 encourageraient, dans le premier cas, et décourageraient, dans le second, les fusions, ce qui a été observé dans les faits. Conformément à l'hypothèse 3, un examen transversal des fusions ayant eu lieu aux États†Unis a démontré qu'elles étaient davantage susceptibles d'augmenter l'effet de levier consolidé lorsque les bénéfices des entreprises constituantes présentaient une corrélation moins élevée. Les coûts des faillites qui ne sont pas d'ordre fiscal ne sont pas spécifiquement intégrés au modèle, mais les entreprises dont les possibilités de passation en charges et de dégrèvements sont plus élevées ont tendance à afficher une préférence moins prononcée pour l'effet de levier. À maints égards, donc, la réduction du risque de faillite n'est pas un motif de fusion par conglomérat, tandis que les possibilités de passation en charges le sont.

Suggested Citation

  • Michael S. H. Shih, 1994. "Corporate Tax Incentives for Conglomerate Mergers: Model Development and Empirical Evidence," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 10(2), pages 453-481, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:10:y:1994:i:2:p:453-481
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1911-3846.1994.tb00402.x
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