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Horizon effects and adverse selection in health insurance markets

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  • Olivier Darmouni
  • Dan Zeltzer

Abstract

This paper highlights the idea that increasing the length of insurance contracts can reduce adverse selection in health insurance markets while preserving community rating. Private health insurance contracts in the United States have short, one‐year terms, even though health risks may be serially correlated. Intuitively, because risk is mean‐reverting, longer contracts allow for pooling of risk within individuals over time, as opposed to just across individuals with traditional short‐term contracts. In equilibrium, such horizon effects lead to lower premiums and greater coverage. The mechanism depends on two key conditions. First, the pooling of risk within individuals is the greatest when mean reversion in risk is intermediate. Second, two‐sided commitment is present to preserve community rating. Counterfactual analysis using administrative claims data illustrates that a simple reform that implements two‐year instead of one‐year contracts could increase equilibrium coverage and yield non‐trivial welfare gains on net, in spite of restricting consumer choice. Effets d'horizon et antisélection sur les marchés d'assurance maladie. L'article met en lumière l'idée que la prolongation de la durée des contrats d'assurance peut réduire l'antisélection sur les marchés d'assurance maladie tout en préservant la tarification sans distinction. Aux États‐Unis, les contrats d'assurance maladie privés sont de courte durée, soit d'un an, même si les risques sur la santé peuvent être autocorrélés. De façon intuitive, puisque le risque revient à la moyenne, des contrats prolongés permettent la mutualisation du risque pour chaque personne au fil du temps, plutôt que d'une personne à l'autre dans le cadre des contrats traditionnels à court terme. Dans un équilibre, des effets d'horizon de ce genre mènent à des primes moins élevées et à une plus grande couverture. Le mécanisme dépend de deux conditions principales : (i) la mutualisation du risque pour chaque personne est à son maximum lorsque le risque moyen est intermédiaire; (ii) un engagement mutuel est requis pour préserver la tarification sans distinction. Une analyse hypothétique employant des données de réclamations administratives illustre qu'une réforme simple optant pour des contrats de deux ans plutôt que d'un an devrait rehausser l'équilibre de la couverture et produire des gains de bien‐être non négligeables sur le produit net, malgré la limite du choix du consommateur.

Suggested Citation

  • Olivier Darmouni & Dan Zeltzer, 2022. "Horizon effects and adverse selection in health insurance markets," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 55(2), pages 800-827, May.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:55:y:2022:i:2:p:800-827
    DOI: 10.1111/caje.12590
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    References listed on IDEAS

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