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Fiscal integration with internal trade: Quantifying the effects of federal transfers in Canada

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  • Trevor Tombe
  • Jennifer Winter

Abstract

Fiscal transfers between regions exist within many countries. Explicit transfers, such as Canada's equalization program, redistribute funds directly. Countless federal revenue and spending programs do so indirectly. Like capital flows between countries, such transfers interact with trade and affect the distribution of economic activity within and between subnational jurisdictions. Previous research has largely abstracted from trade considerations; we fill this gap. With the aid of a rich quantitative model and detailed data on within‐country trade and financial flows, we uncover important effects of fiscal transfers on provincial income, migration and national GDP in Canada. The effects are large. Transfers lower Alberta's real income by over 8% and its population by over 12% and increase Prince Edward Island's real income by 30% and its population by 50%. As employment shifts to lower productivity regions, we find transfers shrink Canada's real GDP by 0.8% and income‐sensitive transfers do so by as much as 1.2%—equal to $19 to $28 billion today. Finally, fiscal transfers affect the size and distribution of gains from internal trade liberalization and spread gains across all regions, even if policy (like the New West Partnership) liberalizes trade among only some. Intégration fiscale et commerce intérieur : évaluation chiffrée des effets relatifs aux transferts fédéraux au Canada. Les transferts fiscaux interrégionaux existent dans de nombreux pays. Les transferts explicites, notamment le programme de péréquation canadien, permettent de redistribuer les fonds directement. À l'instar des flux de capitaux entre pays, de tels transferts ont une incidence à la fois sur le commerce et sur la distribution de l'activité économique à l'intérieur et entre les différentes juridictions infranationales. Des études précédentes ont en grande partie fait abstraction des considérations commerciales, et nous remédions à ce manque. En nous appuyant sur un modèle quantitatif étayé, et gr âce à des données détaillées sur le commerce et les flux financiers à l’échelle du pays, nous avons découvert que les transferts fiscaux engendraient des effets importants relativement au revenu des provinces, à la migration et au produit intérieur brut du Canada. Les effets sont conséquents : les transferts engendrent une baisse du revenu réel de l'Alberta de plus de 8 %, et de sa population de plus de 12 % alors que dans le m ême temps, ils permettent d'augmenter les revenus réels de l’Île‐du‐Prince‐Édouard de 30 %, et de sa population de 50 %. En raison du déplacement de l'emploi vers les régions moins productives, nous constatons que les transferts engendrent une réduction du PIB réel canadien de 0,8 %, et les transferts liés aux revenus de 1,2 %, soit entre 19 et 28 milliards de dollars aujourd'hui. Enfin, les transferts fiscaux ont une incidence sur le volume et la distribution des recettes issues de la libéralisation du commerce intérieur en les ventilant dans toutes les régions, même si certaines politiques, notamment le Nouveau partenariat de l'Ouest, ne permettent une libéralisation du commerce qu'entre certaines provinces seulement.

Suggested Citation

  • Trevor Tombe & Jennifer Winter, 2021. "Fiscal integration with internal trade: Quantifying the effects of federal transfers in Canada," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 54(2), pages 522-556, May.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:54:y:2021:i:2:p:522-556
    DOI: 10.1111/caje.12491
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    1. Pedro Elosegui & Marcos Herrera‐Gomez & Jorge Colina, 2022. "Inter‐provincial trade in Argentina: Financial flows and centralism," Regional Science Policy & Practice, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 14(6), pages 270-291, December.

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