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Atmospheric Emissions from Shipping: The Need for Regulation and Approaches to Compliance

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  • Kevin Cullinane
  • Sharon Cullinane

Abstract

Shipping has traditionally been viewed as the least environmentally damaging mode of freight transport. Recent studies have increasingly questioned this perception, as attention has focused on both the greenhouse gas emissions (mainly CO 2 ) and the emission of health-damaging pollutants (such as sulphur, nitrogen oxides and particulates) by ships. This paper reviews the available evidence on the atmospheric emissions of shipping. It proposes that the profit objective has prompted the pursuit of greater fuel efficiency within the sector, but that reliance on market forces alone is insufficient to deliver on the environmental imperative. The paper outlines the current and planned regulatory regime for the atmospheric emissions from ships and posits that greater, and more diverse, market regulation is required. Alternative general approaches to regulatory compliance are categorised as 'alternative sources of energy' or 'abatement technologies' and the characteristics of a range of specific options are analysed. The paper concludes that although the shipping industry has been slow to improve its environmental credentials, a combination of regulation and technological innovation provides it with significant potential to dramatically reduce its environmental impact.

Suggested Citation

  • Kevin Cullinane & Sharon Cullinane, 2013. "Atmospheric Emissions from Shipping: The Need for Regulation and Approaches to Compliance," Transport Reviews, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 33(4), pages 377-401, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:transr:v:33:y:2013:i:4:p:377-401
    DOI: 10.1080/01441647.2013.806604
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Giulia Arduino & David G. Carrillo Murillo & David G. Claudio Ferrari, 2011. "Key factors and barriers to the adoption of cold ironing in europe," Working Papers 11_15, SIET Società Italiana di Economia dei Trasporti e della Logistica, revised 2011.
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    Cited by:

    1. Anastasia Christodoulou & Kevin Cullinane, 2021. "Potential for, and drivers of, private voluntary initiatives for the decarbonisation of short sea shipping: evidence from a Swedish ferry line," Maritime Economics & Logistics, Palgrave Macmillan;International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME), vol. 23(4), pages 632-654, December.
    2. Li, Lingyue & Gao, Suixiang & Yang, Wenguo & Xiong, Xing, 2021. "Assessment and improvement of EPA's penalty policy: From the perspective of governments' and ships' behaviors," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 18-28.
    3. Tichavska, Miluše & Tovar, Beatriz & Gritsenko, Daria & Johansson, Lasse & Jalkanen, Jukka Pekka, 2019. "Air emissions from ships in port: Does regulation make a difference?," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 128-140.
    4. Marta Gonzalez-Aregall & Kevin Cullinane & Inge Vierth, 2021. "A Review of Port Initiatives to Promote Freight Modal Shifts in Europe: Evidence from Port Governance Systems," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-19, May.
    5. Nguyen Khoi Tran & Jasmine Siu Lee Lam, 2024. "CO2 emissions in a global container shipping network and policy implications," Maritime Economics & Logistics, Palgrave Macmillan;International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME), vol. 26(1), pages 151-167, March.
    6. Anastasia Christodoulou & Kevin Cullinane, 0. "Potential for, and drivers of, private voluntary initiatives for the decarbonisation of short sea shipping: evidence from a Swedish ferry line," Maritime Economics & Logistics, Palgrave Macmillan;International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME), vol. 0, pages 1-23.
    7. Di Vaio, Assunta & Varriale, Luisa & Trujillo, Lourdes, 2019. "Management Control Systems in port waste management: Evidence from Italy," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 127-135.
    8. Assunta Di Vaio & Luisa Varriale, 2018. "Management Innovation for Environmental Sustainability in Seaports: Managerial Accounting Instruments and Training for Competitive Green Ports beyond the Regulations," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-35, March.
    9. Hui-Huang Tai & Yun-Hua Chang, 2022. "Reducing pollutant emissions from vessel maneuvering in port areas," Maritime Economics & Logistics, Palgrave Macmillan;International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME), vol. 24(3), pages 651-671, September.
    10. Tseng, Po-Hsing & Pilcher, Nick, 2019. "Evaluating the key factors of green port policies in Taiwan through quantitative and qualitative approaches," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 127-137.
    11. Jessica Kersey & Natalie D. Popovich & Amol A. Phadke, 2022. "Rapid battery cost declines accelerate the prospects of all-electric interregional container shipping," Nature Energy, Nature, vol. 7(7), pages 664-674, July.
    12. Zeeshan Raza & Johan Woxenius, 2023. "Customer‐driven sustainable business practices and their relationships with environmental and business performance—Insights from the European shipping industry," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 32(8), pages 6138-6153, December.
    13. Emma Díaz-Ruiz-Navamuel & Andrés Ortega Piris & Alfonso-Isidro López-Diaz & Miguel A. Gutiérrez & Manuel Andres Roiz & Jesus M. Oria Chaveli, 2021. "Influence of Ships Docking System in the Reduction of CO 2 Emissions in Container Ports," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-11, April.
    14. Vanessa Durán-Grados & Rubén Rodríguez-Moreno & Fátima Calderay-Cayetano & Yolanda Amado-Sánchez & Emilio Pájaro-Velázquez & Rafael A. O. Nunes & Maria C. M. Alvim-Ferraz & Sofia I. V. Sousa & Juan Mo, 2022. "The Influence of Emissions from Maritime Transport on Air Quality in the Strait of Gibraltar (Spain)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-17, September.
    15. Anastasia Christodoulou & Johan Woxenius, 2019. "Sustainable Short Sea Shipping," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-6, May.
    16. Ren, Jingzheng & Lützen, Marie, 2017. "Selection of sustainable alternative energy source for shipping: Multi-criteria decision making under incomplete information," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 1003-1019.

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