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‘Freedom From’ and ‘Freedom To’ Across Countries

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  • Adam Okulicz-Kozaryn

Abstract

It has been over 70 years since Erich Fromm wrote “Escape From Freedom.” He defined two types of freedom: freedom from (negative) and freedom to (positive). Fromm’s masterpiece, however, does not measure the two types of freedom, and this is not surprising—there were no freedom data at the time. Now, there are plenty of data, and Fromm’s concepts of freedom can be operationalized across countries. The two types of freedom, positive and negative, correlate at below 0.5, and such low correlation is surprising—I discuss outliers and point out that freedom is an end in itself, as recognized, for instance, by Amartya Sen. Furthermore, while we acknowledge the importance of freedom from, we forget that freedom from is not fully realized without freedom to: it’s great to be free; but it’s even better to feel free as well. Copyright Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014

Suggested Citation

  • Adam Okulicz-Kozaryn, 2014. "‘Freedom From’ and ‘Freedom To’ Across Countries," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 118(3), pages 1009-1029, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:soinre:v:118:y:2014:i:3:p:1009-1029
    DOI: 10.1007/s11205-013-0473-x
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    References listed on IDEAS

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