IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/endesu/v23y2021i9d10.1007_s10668-021-01230-5.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

A metric-based assessment of climate and tourism in major cities of Pakistan

Author

Listed:
  • Laila Shahzad

    (Government College University)

  • Ajwa Tahir

    (Government College University)

  • Maryam Dogar

    (Government College University)

  • Salar Saeed

    (University of Twente)

Abstract

Tourism plays an essential role in the economic development of a country and has become a growing phenomenon of global importance. The climate change on the other hand has a direct effect and degrades the environmental components and features of the destinations. Pakistan is highly vulnerable to changing the climate which has threatened the tourism sector. The study has emphasized on the significance of the climate in the tourism industry by using the Tourism Climate Index (TCI) which highlights suitable regions and seasons. TCI has been used worldwide to enumerate the impacts of climate change on tourism and tourist destinations. The current study calculates the TCI for four cities of Pakistan, chosen by public opinion. For measuring the index, climatic data of twenty-one years (1997–2017) were taken from the Pakistan Meteorological Department, which include temperature, precipitation, sunshine hours, humidity and wind speed. The results showed that among the seasonal distribution, autumn and spring are good seasons for tourism. Climatic suitability in summer was not favorable for Lahore and Islamabad because of high rainfall and lower thermal comfort. A rapid change in the Annual TCI score was observed and investigated through the contribution of TCI components which happens to be the core reason for the change. Analysis has shown that 75% of the study area as a Bi-modal shoulder peak and 25% as a winter peak. For city Lahore, a maximum number of months were observed as “Excellent” and “Good” for tourism due to a high TCI score. Furthermore, future projection predicts that tourism in Lahore will be highly threatened due to rapidly changing climate. Government and tourism stakeholders should conduct such relevant studies at large scale for a better understanding of favorable and unsuitable tourist destinations across Pakistan.

Suggested Citation

  • Laila Shahzad & Ajwa Tahir & Maryam Dogar & Salar Saeed, 2021. "A metric-based assessment of climate and tourism in major cities of Pakistan," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(9), pages 13607-13627, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:endesu:v:23:y:2021:i:9:d:10.1007_s10668-021-01230-5
    DOI: 10.1007/s10668-021-01230-5
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10668-021-01230-5
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: Access to the full text of the articles in this series is restricted.
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1007/s10668-021-01230-5?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Olya, Hossein G.T. & Alipour, Habib, 2015. "Risk assessment of precipitation and the tourism climate index," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 73-80.
    2. Jeuring, Jelmer & Becken, Susanne, 2013. "Tourists and severe weather – An exploration of the role of ‘Locus of Responsibility’ in protective behaviour decisions," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 37(C), pages 193-202.
    3. Richardson, Robert B. & Loomis, John B., 2004. "Adaptive recreation planning and climate change: a contingent visitation approach," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(1-2), pages 83-99, September.
    4. Naeem Akram & Abdul Hamid, 2015. "Climate change: A threat to the economic growth of Pakistan," Progress in Development Studies, , vol. 15(1), pages 73-86, January.
    5. Amelung, Bas & Nicholls, Sarah, 2014. "Implications of climate change for tourism in Australia," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 228-244.
    6. Michailidou, Alexandra V. & Vlachokostas, Christos & Moussiopoulos, Νicolas, 2016. "Interactions between climate change and the tourism sector: Multiple-criteria decision analysis to assess mitigation and adaptation options in tourism areas," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 1-12.
    7. Ridderstaat, Jorge & Oduber, Marck & Croes, Robertico & Nijkamp, Peter & Martens, Pim, 2014. "Impacts of seasonal patterns of climate on recurrent fluctuations in tourism demand: Evidence from Aruba," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 245-256.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Kirsten Noome & Jennifer M. Fitchett, 2022. "Quantifying the climatic suitability for tourism in Namibia using the Tourism Climate Index (TCI)," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 24(4), pages 5094-5111, April.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Olya, Hossein G.T. & Alipour, Habib, 2015. "Risk assessment of precipitation and the tourism climate index," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 73-80.
    2. Ling-en Wang & Yuxi Zeng & Linsheng Zhong, 2017. "Impact of Climate Change on Tourism on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau: Research Based on a Literature Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(9), pages 1-14, August.
    3. Sara Dalir & Abror Mahamadaminov & Hossein GT Olya, 2021. "Airbnb and taxation: Developing a seasonal tax system," Tourism Economics, , vol. 27(2), pages 365-378, March.
    4. Siyao Ma & Christopher Craig & Daniel Scott & Song Feng, 2021. "Global Climate Resources for Camping and Nature-Based Tourism," Tourism and Hospitality, MDPI, vol. 2(4), pages 1-15, December.
    5. Maria Juschten & Christiane Brandenburg & Reinhard Hössinger & Ursula Liebl & Martina Offenzeller & Andrea Prutsch & Wiebke Unbehaun & Fabian Weber & Alexandra Jiricka-Pürrer, 2019. "Out of the City Heat—Way to Less or More Sustainable Futures?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-23, January.
    6. Yanlong Guo & Jiaying Yu & Han Zhang & Zuoqing Jiang, 2022. "A Study on Cultural Context Perception in Huizhou Cultural and Ecological Reserve Based on Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-20, December.
    7. Jonathan Aylen & Kevin Albertson & Gina Cavan, 2014. "The impact of weather and climate on tourist demand: the case of Chester Zoo," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 127(2), pages 183-197, November.
    8. Schliephack, Johanna & Dickinson, Janet E., 2017. "Tourists’ representations of coastal managed realignment as a climate change adaptation strategy," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 182-192.
    9. Shih-Hao Wang & Meng-Tsung Lee & Pierre-Alexandre Château & Yang-Chi Chang, 2016. "Performance Indicator Framework for Evaluation of Sustainable Tourism in the Taiwan Coastal Zone," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(7), pages 1-13, July.
    10. Daniel Scott & Geoff McBoyle, 2007. "Climate change adaptation in the ski industry," Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol. 12(8), pages 1411-1431, October.
    11. Paraskevi Ovezikoglou & Dimitrios Aidonis & Charisios Achillas & Christos Vlachokostas & Dionysis Bochtis, 2020. "Sustainability Assessment of Investments Based on a Multiple Criteria Methodological Framework," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(17), pages 1-13, August.
    12. Annie Tubadji & Peter Nijkamp, 2018. "Revisiting the Balassa–Samuelson effect: International tourism and cultural proximity," Tourism Economics, , vol. 24(8), pages 915-944, December.
    13. Nikeel Kumar & Ronald Ravinesh Kumar, 2020. "Relationship between ICT and international tourism demand: A study of major tourist destinations," Tourism Economics, , vol. 26(6), pages 908-925, September.
    14. Christos Vlachokostas & Charisios Achillas & Ioannis Agnantiaris & Alexandra V. Michailidou & Christos Pallas & Eleni Feleki & Nicolas Moussiopoulos, 2020. "Decision Support System to Implement Units of Alternative Biowaste Treatment for Producing Bioenergy and Boosting Local Bioeconomy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-14, May.
    15. Olya, Hossein G.T. & Altinay, Levent, 2016. "Asymmetric modeling of intention to purchase tourism weather insurance and loyalty," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 69(8), pages 2791-2800.
    16. Turrión Prats, Judith & Duro Moreno, Juan Antonio, 2017. "Seasonality Determinants for the Main Markets in Spain," Working Papers 2072/306517, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Economics.
    17. Mark Kanazawa & Mark T. Kanazawa, 2016. "Local consequences of climate change: State park visitations on the North Shore of Minnesota," Working Papers 2016-03, Carleton College, Department of Economics.
    18. Karly Bitsura-Meszaros & Erin Seekamp & Mae Davenport & Jordan W. Smith, 2019. "A PGIS-Based Climate Change Risk Assessment Process for Outdoor Recreation and Tourism Dependent Communities," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-16, June.
    19. Shang, Yunfeng & Lian, Yi & Chen, Hui & Qian, Fangbin, 2023. "The impacts of energy resource and tourism on green growth: Evidence from Asian economies," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    20. Aysun Aygün Oğur & Tüzin Baycan, 2023. "Assessing climate change impacts on tourism demand in Turkey," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(3), pages 2905-2935, March.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:spr:endesu:v:23:y:2021:i:9:d:10.1007_s10668-021-01230-5. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.springer.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.