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The Wage Effects of Residential Location and Commuting Constraints on Employed Married Women

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  • Janice F. Madden

    (Regional Science Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA)

  • Lee-in Chen Chiu

    (Chung-Hua Institution of Economic Research, Taiwan)

Abstract

It has been argued that greater spatial constraints are imposed on the job searches of women workers and that these greater constraints account for some of the gender wage gap. All researchers agree that women commute shorter distances to work than men. In addition, some researchers have argued from indirect evidence that two-earner households give greater weight to husbands' job opportunities when choosing a residential location. In this paper, we use data on two-earner households from the 1980 Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) of the US Census for the Detroit and Philadelphia SMSAs to quantify the effects of residential location and of gender differences in commuting behaviour on the gender gap in wages. First, we find that within white households wives encounter relatively greater spatial variation in wages than their husbands but that there is less of a gender difference among black households. Second, we analyse the simultaneous effects of commuting and residential constraints on wages. We find for both cities, and for both blacks and whites, that the gender wage gap is not changed in any significant way by altering women's intrametropolitan residential and job locations.

Suggested Citation

  • Janice F. Madden & Lee-in Chen Chiu, 1990. "The Wage Effects of Residential Location and Commuting Constraints on Employed Married Women," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 27(3), pages 353-369, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:urbstu:v:27:y:1990:i:3:p:353-369
    DOI: 10.1080/00420989020080321
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Simpson, Wayne, 1980. "A simultaneous model of workplace and residential location incorporating job search," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 8(3), pages 330-349, November.
    2. Madden, Janice Fanning, 1980. "Urban Land Use and the Growth in Two-Earner Households," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 70(2), pages 191-197, May.
    3. John F. Kain, 1962. "The Journey‐To‐Work As A Determinant Of Residential Location," Papers in Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 9(1), pages 137-160, January.
    4. Frank, Robert H, 1978. "Why Women Earn Less: The Theory and Estimation of Differential Overqualification," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 68(3), pages 360-373, June.
    5. Heckman, James J, 1974. "Shadow Prices, Market Wages, and Labor Supply," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 42(4), pages 679-694, July.
    6. Janice F. Madden & JMichelle J. White, 1980. "Spatial Implications of Increases in the Female Labor Force: A Theoretical and Empirical Synthesis," Land Economics, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 56(4), pages 432-446.
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    Cited by:

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    2. Rune Vejlin, 2013. "Residential Location, Job Location, and Wages: Theory and Empirics," LABOUR, CEIS, vol. 27(2), pages 115-139, June.
    3. Jordy Meekes & Wolter H. J. Hassink, 2023. "Endogenous local labour markets, regional aggregation and agglomeration economies," Regional Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 57(1), pages 13-25, January.
    4. Gutierrez, Federico H., 2018. "Commuting Patterns, the Spatial Distribution of Jobs and the Gender Pay Gap in the U.S," GLO Discussion Paper Series 282, Global Labor Organization (GLO).
    5. Kim, Seyoung, 1994. "Gender Differences in Commuting: An Empirical Study of the Greater Los Angeles Metropolitan Area," University of California Transportation Center, Working Papers qt2n60d857, University of California Transportation Center.
    6. Bloze, Gintautas & Skak, Morten, 2016. "Housing equity, residential mobility and commuting," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 156-165.
    7. Yusuf Sofiyandi1, 2018. "The Effect of Residential Location and Housing Unit Characteristics on Labor Force Participation of Childbearing Women in Indonesia: Using Twin Births As A Quasi-Natural Experiment," LPEM FEBUI Working Papers 201822, LPEM, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Indonesia, revised Jul 2018.

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