IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/prs/rvofce/ofce_0751-6614_1987_num_21_1_1109.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Brésil : la quadrature du cercle

Author

Listed:
  • Jacques Adda

Abstract

[fre] En mars 1986 les autorités brésiliennes lançaient le plan Cruzado de lutte contre l'inflation par la désindexation de l'économie. A l'inverse des politiques de régulation de la demande, qui ont clairement fait la preuve de leur inefficacité au Brésil dans la première partie des années quatre-vingt, le plan Cruzado s'inspirait d'une analyse qualitative du processus inflationniste qui trouve son fondement dans le « conflit distributif », expression désignant l'ensemble des actions et luttes des acteurs sociaux pour la préservation de leurs revenus réels dans un contexte de contrainte extérieure exacerbée. En codifiant ces conflits et en définissant les modalités du partage du revenu réel à travers les différentiels de vitesse d'ajustement des variables indexées (salaires, actifs financiers, taux de change...) l'indexation, formelle ou informelle, accentue la rigidité à la baisse du taux d'inflation. Le « choc hétérodoxe » vise dès lors à supprimer la composante inertielle de l'inflation sans faire retomber l'économie dans la récession. La désindexation s'accompagnait d'une réforme monétaire et d'un blocage transitoire de tous les prix de l'économie qui devaient aider à effacer la mémoire inflationniste du système. Au début de 1987 l'échec du plan Cruzado était manifeste : l'économie brésilienne connaissait pour la première fois l'hyperinflation, les réserves de change étaient épuisées et la récession semblait inévitable. Contrairement à ce qu'une approche superficielle pourrait suggérer, cet échec ne remet pas en cause la pertinence du diagnostic formulé sur la nature du processus inflationniste. Il s'explique d'abord par une mauvaise gestion de l'hétérodoxie : prolongation excessive, pour des raisons électorales, du blocage des prix, dérapage de la politique salariale, manque de flexibilité de la politique monétaire, incapacité à maintenir dans les limites prévues les besoins de financement du secteur public. Cet échec résulte d'autre part — et c'est là l'essentiel — de l'impossibilité de désamorcer le conflit distributif tout en poursuivant le transfert massif de ressources vers l'étranger imposé par le paiement des intérêts de la dette extérieure. Le moratoire partiel sur les intérêts de la dette décidé par le Brésil en février 1987 et le retour de la stagflation sanctionnent l'incompatibilité des objectifs poursuivis simultanément par la politique économique. Le plan Bresser, lancé en juin 1987, prend acte de cette incompatibilité et tente de réorienter l'économie vers un sentier de croissance non inflationniste par une gestion plus rigoureuse de l'hétérodoxie et le desserrement, difficile, de la contrainte extérieure. [eng] Brazil : The squaring of the circle Jacques Adda In March 1986 the Brazilian authorities launched the Cruzado plan aimed at fighting inflation by deindexing the economy. Differing radically from demand management policies that have proved clearly ineffective in the first part of the eighties, the Cruzado plan was based on a qualitative analysis of the inflationary process wich is derived from « distributive conflict ». This expression refers to agents'actions and struggles in order to preserve their real income in a context of strong foreign exchange restriction. Codifying these conflicts and the modalities of the real income distribution that derive from speed adjustment differentials of indexed variables (wages, bonds, exchange rates...), indexation — formal or informal — increases downwards inflexibility of the inflation rate. The ambition of the « heterodox shock » is to eliminate the inertial component of inflation without pushing the economy into recession. Deindexation is accompanied by monetary reform, and a general price freeze is supposed to help in cutting the inflationary memory of the economic system. At the beginning of 1987 the failure of the Cruzado plan was unquestionnable. The Brazilian economy experienced hyper-inflation for the first time, reserves had run out and recession looked unavoidable. Contrary to what a superficial approach could suggest, this failure does not invalidate the diagnosis formulated about the nature of the inflationary process. It can be explained first by a mismanagement of the heterodoxy : excessive prolongation of the price freeze, miscontrol of wage policy, lack of flexibility of monetary management, and incapacity to maintain financial borrowing requirements of the public sector within the limits planned. This failure results also — and this is the fundamental point — from the impossibility of resolving the distributive conflict while maintaining the massive negative transfer of funds imposed by the interest payments on foreign debt. The partial moratorium on debt interest decided in February 1987 and the reappearance of stagflation sanctioned the incompatibility between the different objectives of the economic policy. The Bresser plan, launched in June 1987, takes this incompatibility into account and tries to reorient the economy on to a non-inflationary growth path with a much more rigorous management of the heterodoxy and a slackening of the foreign exchange restrictions.

Suggested Citation

  • Jacques Adda, 1987. "Brésil : la quadrature du cercle," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 21(1), pages 79-151.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1987_num_21_1_1109
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1987.1109
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1987.1109
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.3406/ofce.1987.1109
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.persee.fr/doc/ofce_0751-6614_1987_num_21_1_1109
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.3406/ofce.1987.1109?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Pfeffermann, Guy & Webb, Richard, 1983. "Poverty and Income Distribution in Brazil," Review of Income and Wealth, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 29(2), pages 101-124, June.
    2. Eduardo Marco Modiano, 1986. "O choque argentino e o dilema brasileiro," Brazilian Journal of Political Economy, Center of Political Economy, vol. 6(2).
    3. Eduardo M. Modiano, 1987. "The cruzado first attempt: the Brazilian stabilization program of february 1986," Textos para discussão 171, Department of Economics PUC-Rio (Brazil).
    4. Eduardo Marco modiano, 1987. "The cruzado plan: theoretical foundations and practical limitations," Textos para discussão 154, Department of Economics PUC-Rio (Brazil).
    5. Bacha, Edmar L., 1979. "Notes on the Brazilian experience with minidevaluations, 1968-1976," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 6(4), pages 463-481, November.
    6. Malan, Pedro S. & Bonelli, Regis, 1977. "The Brazilian economy in the seventies: Old and new developments," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 5(1-2), pages 19-45.
    7. Jacques Adda, 1986. "La baisse du prix du pétrole : quelles perspectives pour l'OPEP et quelles retombées pour le Tiers Monde ?," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 16(1), pages 115-150.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Gomes, Victor & Teixeira, Arilton & Bugarin, Mirta Sataka & Ellery Jr, Roberto, 2010. "From a Miracle to a Disaster: the Brazilian Economy in the Last 3 Decades," Brazilian Review of Econometrics, Sociedade Brasileira de Econometria - SBE, vol. 30(1), October.
    2. Philippe Hugon, 1989. "Les stratégies comparées des pays africains du golfe de Guinée à l'épreuve du contre-choc pétrolier," Revue Tiers Monde, Programme National Persée, vol. 30(120), pages 755-778.
    3. Kiguel, Miguel A. & Liviatan, Nissan, 1989. "The old and the new in heterodox stabilization programs : lessons from the 1960s and the 1980s," Policy Research Working Paper Series 323, The World Bank.
    4. Roberto Frankel & Martín Rapetti, 2010. "A Concise History of Exchange Rate Regimes in Latin America," CEPR Reports and Issue Briefs 2010-11, Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR).
    5. Berry, Albert, 1995. "The Social Challenge of the New Economic Era in Latin America," 1995: Economic Integration in the Western Hemisphere Symposium, June 7-9, 1995, San Jose, Costa Rica 50818, International Agricultural Trade Research Consortium.
    6. Calvo, Guillermo A. & Reinhart, Carmen M. & Vegh, Carlos A., 1995. "Targeting the real exchange rate: theory and evidence," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 47(1), pages 97-133, June.
    7. Jacques Brasseul, 1981. "Le développement des exportations industrielles du Brésil," Revue Tiers Monde, Programme National Persée, vol. 22(85), pages 141-156.
    8. Calvo, Guillermo A. & Reinhart, Carmen M. & Vegh, Carlos A., 1995. "Targeting the real exchange rate: theory and evidence," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 47(1), pages 97-133, June.
    9. Maria Sarigiannidou & Theodore Palivos, 2012. "A Modern Theory of Kuznets’ Hypothesis," Working Papers 201202, Texas Christian University, Department of Economics.
    10. Andrade, Daniel Caixeta & Garcia, Junior Ruiz, 2015. "Estimating the Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) for Brazil from 1970 to 2010," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 49-56.
    11. de Freitas, Luciano Charlita & Kaneko, Shinji, 2011. "Decomposing the decoupling of CO2 emissions and economic growth in Brazil," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(8), pages 1459-1469, June.
    12. Marta Czarnecka-Gallas, 2013. "The Efficiency of Industrial Policy in 21st Century? The Case of Brazil," Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics, Warsaw School of Economics, issue 7-8, pages 5-35.
    13. Lila J. Truett & Dale B. Truett, 2023. "The impacts of imports and trade liberalization in Brazil: Insights from an aggregate cost function," Review of Development Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 27(2), pages 1013-1033, May.
    14. Kiguel, Miguel A. & Liviatan, Nissan, 1991. "Lessons from the heterodox stabilization programs," Policy Research Working Paper Series 671, The World Bank.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1987_num_21_1_1109. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Equipe PERSEE (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.persee.fr/collection/ofce .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.