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Le marché politique et les choix collectifs

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  • Jean-Luc Migué

Abstract

[fre] Les règles du jeu inhérentes aux processus démocratiques se distinguent de celles du marché par deux principales caractéristiques : le scrutin majoritaire d'une part et l'échange de votes ou de politiques d'autre part. Le présent article se propose d'évaluer l'aboutissement d'un régime régi par ces règles.. A lui seul, le scrutin majoritaire mène à un niveau d'output collectif correspon­dant aux préférences du votant médian. Pour que le résultat optimal s'obtienne dans tous les cas et que chaque individu atteigne sa position préférée, il faudrait qu'un mécanisme d'échange permette aux individus éloignés de la position médiane d'acheter le consentement d'une majorité à la variation de l'output dans le sens de leurs préférences. Ce mécanisme de compensation existe dans le monde réel. Il prend la forme du logrolling ou de l'échange de votes. Ses formes concrètes sont le logrolling explicite des représentants, les plates-formes complexes des partis politiques et les politiques discriminatoires de dépenses et de taxation, grâce auxquelles le fardeau fiscal unitaire de groupes d'individus s'approche plus ou moins de l'évaluation marginale qu'ils font de l'output collectif.. L'échange de votes en l'absence de coût d'information et de négociation entraîne la solution optimale et l'absence d'interventions inefficaces des pouvoirs publics dans le marché. Mais le processus de révélation des préférences et d'échange de votes comporte des coûts d'action politique. L'investissement en action politique de la part des citoyens est régi par le calcul bénéfices/coûts usuel. Or les détenteurs de facteurs ont plus à gagner de l'action politique que les consommateurs. Ils investiront donc davantage pour obtenir, soit des subventions si l'offre est inélastique, soit des restrictions à la concurrence si l'offre est élastique. Ils achètent donc des majorités successives de votants-consommateurs sans avoir à les indem­niser totalement.. Corollaires empiriques principaux : a) Secteurs à offre inélastique surdéveloppés, octroi de subventions universelles plutôt que sélectives dans les secteurs comportant des économies externes et non-imputation des coûts sociaux dans les cas inverses, redistribution de biens en nature plutôt que du revenu, politique de développement régional fondée sur l'immobilité des facteurs, transferts entre gouvernements de fédérations plutôt que du gouvernement aux individus, b) Secteurs à offre élastique sous-développés, prolifération des régies dans les secteurs concurrentiels, nationalisation et gratuité des biens excessive et interventionnisme croissant du secteur public. [eng] A market approach to public choice. . Two main features distinguish political processes from market processes in democratie countries : one is majority voting, and the other is the exchange of votes and policies instead of goods and services. This article is an attempt to evaluate the outcome of a system governed by these rules of the game. Economic analysis makes it possible to predict that majority voting, by itself, would resuit in a level of publicly produced goods corresponding to the optimum of the median voter. To obtain an optimal result in all cases, an exchange mechanism is required enabling the individuals away from the median position to purchase the consent of a majority to changes in output in the direction of their preferences. Such mechanism exists in the real world. It takes the form of logrolling or vote-trading. The institutional expressions of this exchange can be observed in the explicit logrolling by elected representatives, in the fact that political parties adopt complex platforms and resort to discriminatory tax and expenditure policies designed to make the unit tax burden of specific groups come closer to their marginal valuation of the overall bundle of policies.. Vote-trading in a perfect political market with no cost of bargaining and trading, would bring about an optimal solution and rule out inefficient interventions in the market by governments. The process whereby individuals reveal their preferences to politicians and exchange their votes entails costs of political action. Investment in political action is governed by the usual benefit/cost calculus. Now factor suppliers stand to gain more than consumers from political action. Therefore, they will invest more in that form of activity in order to obtain subsidies if their supply inelastic, or restrictions to competition if their supply is more elastic. They will purchase successive majorities of consumers-voters without having to compensate them fully for their vote.. Empirical consequences : a) Sectors with inelastic supply are overdeveloped ; across- the-board rather than discriminatory subsidies are paid to sectors with external economies ; few specific charges are levied on sectors generating external costs ; redistribution in kind is preferred over redistribution in cash ; regional development and industrial strategies are designed to benefit factors with low mobility ; and service equalization through regional governments is preferred over income equalization. b) Sectors with elastic supply are underdeveloped ; regulatory boards proliferate in competitive sectors; bureaucratic production with « free » access is resorted to ; and growing intervention in the market by government is predicted.

Suggested Citation

  • Jean-Luc Migué, 1976. "Le marché politique et les choix collectifs," Revue Économique, Programme National Persée, vol. 27(6), pages 984-1007.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:reveco:reco_0035-2764_1976_num_27_6_408294
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Buchanan, James M & Tullock, Gordon, 1975. "Polluters' Profits and Political Response: Direct Controls Versus Taxes," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 65(1), pages 139-147, March.
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    3. Posner, Richard A, 1975. "The Social Costs of Monopoly and Regulation," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 83(4), pages 807-827, August.
    4. L. F. G. De Cazaux, 1965. "On The Budget," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 3(2), pages 264-265.
    5. Gordon Tullock, 1959. "Problems of Majority Voting," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 67(6), pages 571-571.
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