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La vie quotidienne en France depuis 1974. Les enseignements de l'enquête Emploi du temps

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  • Cécile Brousse

Abstract

[fre] Entre 1974 et 2010, le temps de travail total, rémunéré ou non, a décru chez les citadins de 10 heures par semaine, et cela de façon genrée : cette réduction porte sur les activités professionnelles pour les hommes (liée à l’augmentation de la part des retraités et des chômeurs et à la baisse du temps de travail) et sur les activités domestiques pour les femmes (liée à la diminution de la part des femmes au foyer, à l’automatisation de certaines tâches et une externalisation croissante de la production domestique). Les citadins se restaurent davantage en dehors du domicile et mangent des plats préparés ou semi‑préparés. Les emplois du temps masculins et féminins ont continué à se rapprocher. Forte en début de période, l’augmentation de la durée des loisirs (+ 9 heures) s'est ensuite ralentie. Le temps ainsi libéré s’est reporté d’emblée sur le petit écran puis sur les jeux vidéo, les pratiques numériques ensuite, au détriment des formes traditionnelles de lecture. L’individualisation des pratiques s’est poursuivie, grâce à la diffusion de nouvelles technologies qui permettent une approche plus personnelle du temps libre, mais aussi à des effets de structure comme la part croissante de personnes vivant seules. . En définitive, la prise en charge d’une part croissante des activités domestiques par le marché et le secteur public et l’augmentation du temps de loisir qui en a résulté ont pu s’opérer parce que la population féminine en partie libérée des tâches ménagères a justement occupé les postes créés dans les secteurs correspondants (ménage, aide à la personne, accueil des jeunes enfants, activités récréatives, restauration), postes pour la plupart précaires et peu qualifiés. Parallèlement à la hausse des inégalités de revenus depuis les années 2000, le régime d’organisation des emplois du temps n’aurait‑il pas évolué d’un régime de type socio‑démocrate vers un régime plus libéral, selon la typologie proposée par Gershuny (2000).

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  • Cécile Brousse, 2015. "La vie quotidienne en France depuis 1974. Les enseignements de l'enquête Emploi du temps," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 478(1), pages 79-117.
    • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2015_num_478_1_10559
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2015.10559
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2015.10559
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    2. Fabrice Etilé & Marie Plessz, 2018. "Women’s employment and the decline of home cooking: Evidence from France, 1985–2010," Review of Economics of the Household, Springer, vol. 16(4), pages 939-970, December.

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