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Enjeux commerciaux de l'élargissement de l'Union européenne ; suivi d'un commentaire de Mathilde Maurel

Author

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  • Vincent Aussilloux
  • Michaël Pajot
  • Mathilde Maurel

Abstract

[fre] Enjeux commerciaux de l’élargissement de l’Union européenne . . Les échanges des pays d’Europe centrale et orientale (PECO) avec la France et, plus largement, avec l’ensemble de l’Union européenne se traduisent à l’heure actuelle par un net déséquilibre. Pour les seuls échanges de marchandises, l’excédent de la France en 2001 représentait 1,7 milliard d’euros. Après plus d’une décennie de transition des PECO, le potentiel de croissance de leurs échanges avec l’Union européenne demeure important: aux niveaux actuels de PIB des différents partenaires, les exportations européennes à destination des PECO devraient être près de deux fois supérieures aux exportations actuelles et les importations près de trois fois supérieures à ce qu’elles sont. Les performances commerciales encore relativement médiocres des PECO sur le marché européen s’expliquent notamment par la relative inadéquation de leur offre à la demande européenne. Malgré l’évolution récente de leur spécialisation, sous l’influence notamment des investissements étrangers entrants, leurs points forts en matière de commerce extérieur se situent encore pour la plupart dans des secteurs où la demande d’importations européennes est relativement faible et peu dynamique. La suppression de certaines barrières non tarifaires ainsi que la plus grande stabilité économique et politique offerte par l’entrée dans l’Union européenne devraient encore contribuer à renforcer l’attractivité des PECO en matière d’investissement. Ainsi, le rattrapage du potentiel de commerce de ces pays devrait s’accélérer dans les années à venir sous l’effet d’une intensification des investissements directs à l’étranger et de la réorientation sectorielle de leurs exportations qui devrait en résulter. [eng] The Trade Stakes of European Union Enlargement . . Central and Eastern European Country (CEEC) trade with France and, more broadly, with the European Union as a whole is currently showing a marked imbalance. France’s 2001 surplus for goods trade alone came to 1.7 billion euros. Following more than a decade of transition in the CEECs, the potential for growth in their trade with the European Union remains considerable. Given the different partners’ current GDP levels, European exports to the CEECs should be nearly twice as high as they currently are and imports nearly three times as high. The CEECs’ still relatively mediocre trade performances on the European market are due mainly to the relative mismatch of their supply to European demand. Despite the recent development in their specialisation, driven mainly by incoming foreign investment, their strong points in foreign trade are still mainly in sectors where demand for European imports is relatively low and sluggish. The elimination of certain non-tariff barriers and the greater economic and political stability offered by entry into the European Union should contribute further to enhancing the attractiveness of the CEECs to investment. Hence the trade potential of these countries should catch up faster in coming years due to a stepping up of foreign direct investment and the resulting sectoral reorientation of their exports. [ger] Zentrale Handelsfragen der Erweiterung der Europäischen Union . . Der Handel der mittel-und osteuropäischen Länder (MOEL) mit Frankreich und ganz allgemein mit der Europäischen Union weist derzeit ein deutliches Ungleichgewicht auf. 2001 betrug der Überschuss Frankreichs allein beim Güterhandel 1,7 Milliarden Euro. Nach einer mehr als ein Jahrzehnt dauernden Transformation verfügen die MOEL bei ihrem Handel mit der Europäischen Union nach wie vor über ein beträchtliches Wachstumspotenzial: legt man das derzeitige BIP der verschiedenen Partner zugrunde, dürften im Vergleich zu heute die europäischen Exporte in die MOEL sich nahezu verdoppeln und die Importe sich fast verdreifachen. Die noch relativ geringe kommerzielle Leistungsfähigkeit der MOEL am europäischen Markt erklärt sich hauptsächlich dadurch, dass ihr Angebot vergleichsweise schlecht auf die europäische Nachfrage abgestellt ist. Obwohl sie sich insbesondere unter dem Einfluss der ausländischen Investitionen in jüngster Zeit verstärkt spezialisiert haben, liegen ihre Stärken beim Handel mit dem Ausland weiterhin hauptsächlich in Sektoren, in denen die europäische Nahfrage nach Gütern relativ gering und nur wenig dynamisch ist. Der Abbau einiger nichttariflicher Hemmnisse sowie die größere wirtschaftliche und politische Stabilität, die der Beitritt zur Europäischen Union mit sich bringt, dürfte zusätzlich zur Stärkung der Attraktivität der MOEL für ausländische Investitionen beitragen. So dürften diese Länder in den kommenden Jahren im Zuge einer Intensivierung der Direktinvestitionen im Ausland und der damit verbundenen sektoralen Neuausrichtung ihrer Exporte ihren Rückstand im Hinblick auf ihr Handelspotenzial vermehrt aufholen. [spa] Efectos comerciales de la ampliación de la Unión europea . . Los intercambios de los países de Europa central y oriental (PECO) con Francia y, en mayor medida, con la totalidad de la Unión europea se traducen en la actualidad por un neto desequilibrio. Respecto tan solo a los intercambios de mercancías, el excedente de Francia en 2001 representaría 1700 miles de millones de euros. Tras más de un decenio de transición de los PECOs, el potencial de crecimiento de sus intercambios con la Unión europea sigue siendo fuerte: en los niveles actuales de los PIB de los diferentes países socios, las exportaciones europeas destinadas a los PECOs deberían ser casi el doble de las actuales y las importaciones casi tres veces más de lo que son. Los resultados comerciales todavía bastante mediocres de los PECOs sobre el mercado europeo se explican ante todo por la relativa inadecuación de su oferta con la demanda europea. A pesar de la evolución reciente de su especialización, bajo la influencia de las inversiones extranjeras entrantes, su baza en materia de comercio exterior se sitúa todavía ante todo en aquellos sectores donde la demanda de importaciones europeas es bastante limitada y poco dinámica. La supresión de ciertas barreras no arancelarias y una mayor estabilidad económica y política garantizada por su entrada en la Unión europea deberían también contribuir al refuerzo de la atractividad de los PECOs en materia de inversión. La recuperación del potencial comercial de esos países debería acelerarse en los próximos años, bajo el efecto de una intensificación de las inversiones directas en el extranjero y de la consecutiva reorientación sectorial de sus exportaciones.

Suggested Citation

  • Vincent Aussilloux & Michaël Pajot & Mathilde Maurel, 2003. "Enjeux commerciaux de l'élargissement de l'Union européenne ; suivi d'un commentaire de Mathilde Maurel," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 363(1), pages 235-265.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2003_num_363_1_7336
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2003.7336
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2003.7336
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
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    3. Maurel, Mathilde, 2002. "On the Way of EMU Enlargement towards CEECs: What is the Appropriate Exchange Rate Regime?," CEPR Discussion Papers 3409, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    4. Bergstrand, Jeffrey H, 1985. "The Gravity Equation in International Trade: Some Microeconomic Foundations and Empirical Evidence," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 67(3), pages 474-481, August.
    5. Coricelli, Fabrizio & Jazbec, Boštjan & Masten, Igor, 2003. "Exchange Rate Pass-Through in Candidate Countries," CEPR Discussion Papers 3894, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    6. Ian Babetskii, 2004. "EU Enlargement and Endogeneity of some OCA Criteria: Evidence from the CEECs," Working Papers 2004/02, Czech National Bank.
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