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Internationalisation des entreprises industrielles et emploi : une analyse sur la période 1986-1992 ; suivi d'un commentaire de Matthieu Crozet

Author

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  • Pierre Biscourp
  • Francis Kramarz
  • Matthieu Crozet

Abstract

[spa] Internacionalización de las empresas industriales y empleo: un análisis sobre el periodo 1986-1992 . . El importar o exportar no es sin consecuencia sobre la evolución del nivel y de la estructura del empleo de una empresa. Esta relación entre «internacionalización» y empleo se analiza aquí para unas empresas de la industria manufacturera en el periodo 1986-1992. Las empresas constantemente internacionalizadas entre esas dos fechas pierden más empleos, o crean menos, que aquellas que no lo son. Las evoluciones internas de las empresas siguen contribuyendo mayormente a la baja del empleo obrero en el seno del empleo industrial total, y a la del empleo no cualificado dentro del empleo obrero. Sin embargo, las empresas constantemente presentes en los mercados internacionales son también las mayores. Por ser esencial, la influencia del tamaño tiende a confundirse con la propensión a lanzarse en los mercados internacionales. El análisis de la relación entre empleo e internacionalización de las empresas a tamaño y sector de actividad dados muestra que la importación sí está relacionada de manera específica en ese periodo con la destrucción de empleo, al contrario de la exportación. La importación de los «bienes finales», prueba patente de los fenómenos de deslocalización al extranjero de todo o parte de la producción local, es la que acompaña de manera más fuerte la baja del empleo de la empresa, y en especial del empleo de producción, sobre todo aquel no cualificado. En cambio, el análisis empírico de la relación entre exportación y estructura del empleo no autoriza ninguna interpretación tajante, ya que no puede hacer abstracción de la inversión directa horizontal, sobre la que existen pocos datos. La toma en cuenta de la innovación de las empresas, en fin, cambia poco estas conclusiones. [fre] Internationalisation des entreprises industrielles et emploi: une analyse sur la période 1986-1992 . . Le fait d’importer ou d’exporter n’est pas sans conséquence sur l’évolution du niveau et de la structure de l’emploi d’une entreprise. Ce lien entre «internationalisation» et emploi est analysé pour des entreprises de l’industrie manufacturière sur la période 1986-1992. Les entreprises constamment internationalisées entre ces deux dates perdent plus d’emplois, ou en créent moins, que celles qui ne le sont pas. Ce sont encore les évolutions internes aux entreprises constamment internationalisées qui contribuent le plus à la baisse de l’emploi ouvrier au sein de l’emploi industriel total, et à celle de l’emploi non qualifié dans l’emploi ouvrier. Cependant, les entreprises constamment présentes sur les marchés internationaux sont aussi les plus grandes. Essentielle, l’influence de la taille tend à se confondre avec la propension à s’engager sur les marchés internationaux. L’analyse du lien entre emploi et internationalisation des entreprises à taille et secteur d’activité donnés montre que l’importation est bien associée de façon spécifique, sur la période, à la destruction d’emploi, au contraire de l’exportation. C’est en particulier l’importation de «biens finaux», manifestation des phénomènes de délocalisation à l’étranger de tout ou partie de la production locale, qui accompagne de façon la plus marquée la baisse de l’emploi de l’entreprise, et, au sein de celui-ci, de l’emploi de production, notamment non qualifié. En revanche, l’analyse empirique du lien entre exportation et structure de l’emploi n’autorise pas une interprétation tranchée, dans la mesure où elle ne peut faire abstraction de l’investissement direct horizontal sur lequel il n’existe encore que peu de données. La prise en compte de l’innovation des entreprises, enfin, change peu ces conclusions. [ger] Internationalisierung der Industrieunternehmen und Beschäftigung: eine Analyse für den Zeitraum 1986-1992 . . Das Importieren oder Exportieren von Gütern hat unweigerlich Auswirkungen auf die Entwicklung des Niveaus und der Struktur der Beschäftigung eines Unternehmens. In diesem Artikel wird anhand der Unternehmen des verarbeitenden Gewerbes dieser Zusammenhang zwischen «Internationalisierung» und Beschäftigung für den Zeitraum 1986-1992 analysiert. Die Unternehmen, die in diesem Zeitraum ständig internationalisiert waren, bauten mehr Arbeitsplätze ab oder schufen weniger als diejenigen, die dies nicht waren. Auch hier tragen die internen Entwicklungen in den ständig internationalisierten Unternehmen am meisten zum Abbau der Arbeitsplätze für Arbeiter unter der Gesamtbeschäftigung in der Industrie sowie zum Rückgang der Arbeitsplätze für nicht qualifizierte Beschäftigte unter den Arbeitsplätzen für Arbeiter bei. Allerdings sind die ständig an den Weltmärkten präsenten Unternehmen auch die größten. Der Einfluss der Größe, der wesentlich ist, vermischt sich zunehmend mit demjenigen der Bereitschaft, sich an den internationalen Märkten zu engagieren. Die Analyse des Zusammenhangs zwischen Beschäftigung und Internationalisierung von Unternehmen einer bestimmten Größe und eines bestimmtes Sektors zeigt, dass der Import von Gütern in diesem Zeitraum im Gegensatz zum Export auf besondere Weise für den Abbau von Arbeitsplätzen verantwortlich ist. Insbesondere der Import von «Fertigprodukten» als Folge der gesamten oder teilweisen Verlagerung der lokalen Produktion ins Ausland führt zum Rückgang der Beschäftigung eines Unternehmens und innerhalb des Unternehmens zum Abbau der Arbeitsplätze in der Produktion, vor allem für die nicht qualifizierten Arbeiter. Dagegen ermöglicht die empirische Analyse des Zusammenhangs zwischen Export und Beschäftigungsstruktur keine eindeutige Interpretation, da nur wenige Daten über die horizontalen Direktinvestitionen vorliegen, diese aber unverzichtbar sind. Die Berücksichtigung der Innovationen der Unternehmen hat schließlich auf die Schlussfolgerungen keinerlei Einfluss. [eng] The Internationalisation of Industrial Firms and Employment: An Analysis of the 1986-1992 Period . . Imports and exports are not without their effects on growth in the level and structure of a firm’s employment. This link between •internationalisation” and employment is analysed for manufacturing industry firms for the period from 1986 to 1992. The firms that constantly internationalised during this period lost more or created fewer jobs than those that did not. The internal changes to constantly internationalised firms do the most to reduce manual employee employment in total industrial employment and unskilled employment in manual employee employment. However, the companies constantly doing business on the international markets were also the largest firms. Basically, the influence of size is tending to become confused with the propensity to penetrate international markets. The analysis of the link between employment and the internationalisation of firms with a given size and activity sector shows that importing is definitely and specifically associated with the destruction of jobs over the period, unlike exporting. The importing of •finished goods”, a manifestation of the phenomena of shifting all or part of the local production offshore, is the factor the most associated with the firm’s drop in employment and, within this employment, production employment and especially unskilled employment. However, an empirical analysis of the link between exporting and employment structure provides no clear-cut interpretation insofar as it cannot disregard horizontal direct investment about which there are still few data available. Lastly, taking the firms’ innovation into consideration does little to change these conclusions.

Suggested Citation

  • Pierre Biscourp & Francis Kramarz & Matthieu Crozet, 2003. "Internationalisation des entreprises industrielles et emploi : une analyse sur la période 1986-1992 ; suivi d'un commentaire de Matthieu Crozet," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 363(1), pages 69-95.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2003_num_363_1_7326
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2003.7326
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2003.7326
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Keith Head & John Ries, 2001. "Overseas Investment and Firm Exports," Review of International Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 9(1), pages 108-122, February.
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    6. Venables, Anthony J., 1999. "Fragmentation and multinational production," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 43(4-6), pages 935-945, April.
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    1. Koenig, Pamina, 2009. "Agglomeration and the export decisions of French firms," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 66(3), pages 186-195, November.

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