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Les instruments des politiques d'environnement

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  • Xavier Delache
  • Sylviane Gastaldo

Abstract

[spa] Los instrumentos de las polfticas de medio ambiente . Los problemas de medio ambiente pueden ser Ilevados al anâlisis de mercado de cada bien concernido : agua, aire, espacios naturales, etc. La inexistencia o la imperfecciôn de mercados de estos recursos conduce frecuentemente a su sobre-explotaciôn ya que el precio al que estân disponibles es, en general, inferior a su costo para la colectividad. El disfuncionamiento de otros mercados (transportes, por ej.) puede agravar aûn la degradaciôn del medio ambiente. . Frente a estos desequilibrios, la politica medioambiental cuenta con numerosos medios a su disposiciôn. La reglamentaciôn, indispensable en el caso de ciertos nivelés umbrales vitales es dificilmente compatible con la eficacidad econômica. Fundada en el principio agente contaminante/pagador, la tarificaciôn permite lograr objectivos de calidad a menor costo colectivo, pero, en algunas ocasiones, es diffcil de aplicar. El retorno demasiado frecuente del producto de las tasas al sector contaminante puede anular el impacto de las mismas. Los mercados de derechos a la contaminaciôn satisfacen igualmente la eficacidad econômica pero han sido poco experimentados. El label ecolôgico tiene resultados modestos con respecto a la traba que représenta para la libre competencia. El recurso a los contratos, por ultimo, exige una buena informaciôn del conjunto de los actores, raramente realizada. Todos estos instrumentos, lejos de ser incompatibles son susceptibles de completarse en el marco de una polîtica medioambiental. [eng] Environmental Policy Instruments . Environmental problems can be broken down into a market analysis of each good concerned : water, air, natural spaces, etc. The fact that markets for these resources do not exist or have certain shortcomings often leads to their being overexploited. This is because the price at which they are made available is generally lower than their cost to the community. The dysfunctioning of other markets (transport) could aggravate the deterioration of the environment even more. . Environmental policy has a number of means at its disposal to deal with such imbalances. It is difficult to make the much-needed regulations for certain vital thresholds compatible with economic efficiency. Pricing . based on the polluter/payer principle allows quality goals to be attained at the lowest collective cost. However, it is sometimes difficult to apply such tariffs. The earmarking of tax revenue to the polluting sector may well cancel out the impact of pricing. Emissions trading markets also satisfy economic efficiency, but have as yet to be fully tried and tested. Green labelling provides modest results compared with the obstacle that it represents to free competition. Finally, contracting requires all parties to provide a high standard of information that has rarely been accomplished. These instruments are far from being incompatible and are likely to complement each other within the context of an environmental policy. [fre] Les instruments des politiques d'environnement . Les problèmes d'environnement peuvent être ramenés à l'analyse du marché de chaque bien concerné : eau, air, espaces naturels... L'inexistence ou l'imperfection des marchés de ces ressources mène souvent à leur sur-exploitation, car le prix auquel elles sont disponibles est en général inférieur à leur coût pour la collectivité. Le dysfonctionnement d'autres marchés (transports) peut aggraver encore la dégradation de l'environnement. . Face à ces déséquilibres, la politique de l'environnement a de nombreux moyens à sa disposition. La réglementation, indispensable dans le cas de certains seuils vitaux, est difficilement compatible avec l'efficacité économique. . Fondée sur le principe pollueur/payeur, la tarification permet d'atteindre des objectifs de qualité au moindre coût collectif, mais elle est parfois difficile à appliquer. Le retour trop fréquent du produit des taxes au secteur pollueur peut en annuler l'impact. Les marchés de droits à polluer satisfont également à l'efficacité économique mais ont été peu expérimentés. La labellisation écologique a des résultats modestes, par rapport à l'entrave qu'elle représente pour la libre concurrence. La contractualisation, enfin, exige une bonne information de l'ensemble des acteurs rarement réalisée. Tous ces instruments, loin d'être incompatibles, sont susceptibles de se compléter dans le cadre d'une politique d'environnement.

Suggested Citation

  • Xavier Delache & Sylviane Gastaldo, 1992. "Les instruments des politiques d'environnement," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 258(1), pages 27-34.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_1992_num_258_1_5689
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.1992.5689
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.1992.5689
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Tietenberg, T H, 1990. "Economic Instruments for Environmental Regulation," Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Oxford University Press and Oxford Review of Economic Policy Limited, vol. 6(1), pages 17-33, Spring.
    2. Helm, Dieter & Pearce, David W, 1990. "Assessment: Economic Policy towards the Environment," Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Oxford University Press and Oxford Review of Economic Policy Limited, vol. 6(1), pages 1-16, Spring.
    3. Claude Henry, 1990. "Efficacité économique et impératifs éthiques : l'environnement en copropriété," Revue Économique, Programme National Persée, vol. 41(2), pages 195-214.
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    1. Roland Lescure & Antoine Nogier & Laure Tourjansky-Cabart, 1997. "Une évaluation économique de la pollution atmosphérique," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 307(1), pages 3-20.

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