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Social Class, Social Mobility and Risk of Psychiatric Disorder - A Population-Based Longitudinal Study

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  • Sanna Tiikkaja
  • Sven Sandin
  • Ninoa Malki
  • Bitte Modin
  • Pär Sparén
  • Christina M Hultman

Abstract

Objectives: This study explored how adult social class and social mobility between parental and own adult social class is related to psychiatric disorder. Material and Methods: In this prospective cohort study, over 1 million employed Swedes born in 1949-1959 were included. Information on parental class (1960) and own mid-life social class (1980 and 1990) was retrieved from the censuses and categorised as High Non-manual, Low Non-manual, High Manual, Low Manual and Self-employed. After identifying adult class, individuals were followed for psychiatric disorder by first admission of schizophrenia, alcoholism and drug dependency, affective psychosis and neurosis or personality disorder (N=24 659) from the Swedish Patient Register. We used Poisson regression analysis to estimate first admission rates of psychiatric disorder per 100 000 person-years and relative risks (RR) by adult social class (treated as a time-varying covariate). The RRs of psychiatric disorder among the Non-manual and Manual classes were also estimated by magnitude of social mobility. Results: The rate of psychiatric disorder was significantly higher among individuals belonging to the Low manual class as compared with the High Non-manual class. Compared to High Non-manual class, the risk for psychiatric disorder ranged from 2.07 (Low Manual class) to 1.38 (Low Non-manual class). Parental class had a minor impact on these estimates. Among the Non-manual and Manual classes, downward mobility was associated with increased risk and upward mobility with decreased risk of psychiatric disorder. In addition, downward mobility was inversely associated with the magnitude of social mobility, independent of parental class. Conclusions: Independently of parental social class, the risk of psychiatric disorder increases with increased downward social mobility and decreases with increased upward mobility.

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  • Sanna Tiikkaja & Sven Sandin & Ninoa Malki & Bitte Modin & Pär Sparén & Christina M Hultman, 2013. "Social Class, Social Mobility and Risk of Psychiatric Disorder - A Population-Based Longitudinal Study," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 8(11), pages 1-1, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0077975
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077975
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Curtis, Sarah & Cunningham, Niall & Pearce, Jamie & Congdon, Peter & Cherrie, Mark & Atkinson, Sarah, 2021. "Trajectories in mental health and socio-spatial conditions in a time of economic recovery and austerity: A longitudinal study in England 2011–17," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 270(C).
    2. Alexi Gugushvili & Grzegorz Bulczak & Olga Zelinska & Jonathan Koltai, 2021. "Socioeconomic position, social mobility, and health selection effects on allostatic load in the United States," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 16(8), pages 1-22, August.
    3. Guimarães, Joanna M.N. & Clarke, Philippa & Tate, Denise & Coeli, Claudia Medina & Griep, Rosane Harter & Fonseca, Maria de Jesus Mendes da & Santos, Itamar S. & Melo, Enirtes Caetano Prates & Chor, D, 2016. "Social mobility and subclinical atherosclerosis in a middle-income country: Association of intra- and inter-generational social mobility with carotid intima-media thickness in the Brazilian Longitudin," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 9-17.
    4. Gugushvili, Alexi & Zhao, Yizhang & Bukodi, Erzsébet, 2019. "‘Falling from grace’ and ‘rising from rags’: Intergenerational educational mobility and depressive symptoms," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 222(C), pages 294-304.
    5. Sanna Tiikkaja & Sven Sandin & Christina M Hultman & Bitte Modin & Ninoa Malki & Pär Sparén, 2016. "Psychiatric disorder and work life: A longitudinal study of intra-generational social mobility," International Journal of Social Psychiatry, , vol. 62(2), pages 156-166, March.

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