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E-bike user groups and substitution effects: evidence from longitudinal travel data in the Netherlands

Author

Listed:
  • Mathijs Haas

    (KiM Netherlands Institute for Transport Policy Analysis)

  • Maarten Kroesen

    (Delft University of Technology)

  • Caspar Chorus

    (Delft University of Technology)

  • Sascha Hoogendoorn-Lanser

    (Delft University of Technology)

  • Serge Hoogendoorn

    (Delft University of Technology)

Abstract

In recent years, the e-bike has become increasingly popular in many European countries. With higher speeds and less effort needed, the e-bike is a promising mode of transport to many, and it is considered a good alternative for certain car trips by policy-makers and planners. A major limitation of many studies that investigate such substitution effects of the e-bike, is their reliance on cross-sectional data which do not allow an assessment of within-person travel mode changes. As a consequence, there is currently no consensus about the e-bike’s potential to replace car trips. Furthermore, there has been little research focusing on heterogeneity among e-bike users. In this respect, it is likely that different groups exist that use the e-bike for different reasons (e.g. leisure vs commute travel), something which will also influence possible substitution patterns. This paper contributes to the literature in two ways: (1) it presents a statistical analysis to assess the extent to which e-bike trips are substituting trips by other travel modes based on longitudinal data; (2) it reveals different user groups among the e-bike population. A Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Model is estimated using five waves of data from the Netherlands Mobility Panel. Furthermore, a Latent Class Analysis is performed using data from the Dutch national travel survey. Results show that, when using longitudinal data, the substitution effects between e-bike and the competing travel modes of car and public transport are not as significant as reported in earlier research. In general, e-bike trips only significantly reduce conventional bicycle trips in the Netherlands, which can be regarded an unwanted effect from a policy-viewpoint. For commuting, the e-bike also substitutes car trips. Furthermore, results show that there are five different user groups with their own distinct behaviour patterns and socio-demographic characteristics. They also show that groups that use the e-bike primarily for commuting or education are growing at a much higher rate than groups that mainly use the e-bike for leisure and shopping purposes.

Suggested Citation

  • Mathijs Haas & Maarten Kroesen & Caspar Chorus & Sascha Hoogendoorn-Lanser & Serge Hoogendoorn, 2022. "E-bike user groups and substitution effects: evidence from longitudinal travel data in the Netherlands," Transportation, Springer, vol. 49(3), pages 815-840, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:kap:transp:v:49:y:2022:i:3:d:10.1007_s11116-021-10195-3
    DOI: 10.1007/s11116-021-10195-3
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Rongen, Tibor & Tillema, Taede & Arts, Jos & Alonso-González, María J. & Witte, Jan-Jelle, 2022. "An analysis of the mobility hub concept in the Netherlands: Historical lessons for its implementation," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 104(C).
    2. Li, Qiumeng & Fuerst, Franz & Luca, Davide, 2023. "Do shared E-bikes reduce urban carbon emissions?," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 120310, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.

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