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CVM Embedding Effects When There Are Active, Potentially Active and Passive Users of Environmental Goods

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Author Info
Diane Dupont ()

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Abstract

Embedding is said to occur when thewillingness-to-pay (WTP) values for a gooddiffer according to whether the good is valuedon its own or as part of a package of goods. Itcan manifest itself as a question order orsequencing effect whereby the WTP for a gooddepends upon the order in which contingentvaluation questions are asked. Usingsplit-sample data from different questionorderings of a survey administered to a generalpopulation, the willingness-to-pay values forimprovements to three recreational activities(swimming, fishing, and boating in HamiltonHarbour, Ontario, Canada) are estimated. Respondents are divided into three types ofuser groups: active users, potentially activeusers, and passive users. The paper thenexamines the extent to which embedding in theform of different question sequences affectseach of these three user types. Severalarguments are put forward to suggest whypassive users might be more susceptible toquestion order than active users. The resultssupport the hypothesis that order effects arelikely to be larger for passive users and alsoshow that potentially active users may beaffected by question order to a greater extentthan active users. This highlights theimportance of considering context when usingmultiple-question CVM to value passive usegoods. Copyright Kluwer Academic Publishers 2003

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File URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1023/A:1024446110640
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Publisher Info
Article provided by European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists in its journal Environmental and Resource Economics.

Volume (Year): 25 (2003)
Issue (Month): 3 (July)
Pages: 319-341
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Handle: RePEc:kap:enreec:v:25:y:2003:i:3:p:319-341

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Web page: http://www.springerlink.com/link.asp?id=100263

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Related research
Keywords: CVM; embedding; fishing; passive users; sequencing; substitutes; swimming; willingness-to-pay;

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References listed on IDEAS
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  1. Alberini Anna, 1995. "Efficiency vs Bias of Willingness-to-Pay Estimates: Bivariate and Interval-Data Models," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 29(2), pages 169-180, September. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  2. Carson, Richard T. & Hanemann, W. Michael, 2006. "Contingent Valuation," Handbook of Environmental Economics, in: K. G. Mäler & J. R. Vincent (ed.), Handbook of Environmental Economics, edition 1, volume 2, chapter 17, pages 821-936 Elsevier. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  3. Richard T. Carson & Robert Cameron Mitchell, 1993. "The Issue of Scope in Contingent Valuation Surveys," University of California at San Diego, Economics Working Paper Series 93-37, Department of Economics, UC San Diego.
  4. Schulze, William D. & McClelland, Gary H. & Lazo, Jeffrey K. & Rowe, Robert D., 1998. "Embedding and calibration in measuring non-use values," Resource and Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 20(2), pages 163-178, June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  5. Richard T. Carson & Robert Cameron Mitchell & Michael Hanemann & Raymond J. Kopp & Stanley Presser & Paul Ruud, 1995. "Contingent Valuation and Lost Passive Use: Damages from the Exxon Valdez," University of California at San Diego, Economics Working Paper Series 95-02, Department of Economics, UC San Diego.
  6. Carson, Richard & Flores, Nicholas E. & Hanemann, W. Michael, 1998. "Sequencing and Valuing Public Goods," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 36(3), pages 314-323, November. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  7. Mary Riddel & John Loomis, 1998. "Joint Estimation of Multiple CVM Scenarios under a Double Bounded Questioning Format," Environmental & Resource Economics, European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 12(1), pages 77-98, July. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  8. Randall, Alan & Hoehn, John P., 1996. "Embedding in Market Demand Systems," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 30(3), pages 369-380, May. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  9. Diewert, W.E., 1993. "Duality approaches to microeconomic theory," Handbook of Mathematical Economics, in: K. J. Arrow & M.D. Intriligator (ed.), Handbook of Mathematical Economics, edition 4, volume 2, chapter 12, pages 535-599 Elsevier. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  10. Hoehn John P. & Loomis John B., 1993. "Substitution Effects in the Valuation of Multiple Environmental Programs," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 25(1), pages 56-75, July. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  11. Kahneman, Daniel & Knetsch, Jack L., 1992. "Valuing public goods: The purchase of moral satisfaction," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 22(1), pages 57-70, January. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  12. Rollins, Kimberly & Lyke, Audrey, 1998. "The Case for Diminishing Marginal Existence Values," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 36(3), pages 324-344, November. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  13. Hoehn, John P & Randall, Alan, 1989. "Too Many Proposals Pass the Benefit Cost Test," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 79(3), pages 544-51, June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  14. Diamond, Peter A & Hausman, Jerry A, 1994. "Contingent Valuation: Is Some Number Better than No Number?," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 8(4), pages 45-64, Fall. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  15. Richard T. Carson, 1995. "Contingent Valuation Surveys and Tests of Insensitivity to Scope," University of California at San Diego, Economics Working Paper Series 95-05, Department of Economics, UC San Diego.
  16. Giraud, Kelly L & Loomis, John B & Johnson, Richard L, 1999. "Two Valuation Questions in One Survey: Is It a Recipe for Sequencing and Instrument Context Effects?," Applied Economics, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 31(8), pages 957-64, August. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  17. Hanemann, W Michael, 1994. "Valuing the Environment through Contingent Valuation," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 8(4), pages 19-43, Fall. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  18. Bateman, Ian J. & Cole, Matthew & Cooper, Philip & Georgiou, Stavros & Hadley, David & Poe, Gregory L., 2004. "On visible choice sets and scope sensitivity," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 47(1), pages 71-93, January. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  19. Loomis John & Lockwood Michael & DeLacy Terry, 1993. "Some Empirical Evidence on Embedding Effects in Contingent Valuation of Forest Protection," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 25(1), pages 45-55, July. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  20. Carson Richard T. & Mitchell Robert Cameron, 1995. "Sequencing and Nesting in Contingent Valuation Surveys," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 28(2), pages 155-173, March. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  21. Boyle Kevin J. & Welsh Michael P. & Bishop Richard C., 1993. "The Role of Question Order and Respondent Experience in Contingent-Valuation Studies," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 25(1), pages S80-S99, July. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  22. Bateman, Ian J, et al, 1997. "A Test of the Theory of Reference-Dependent Preferences," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, MIT Press, vol. 112(2), pages 479-505, May.
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