IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v15y2023i9p7264-d1134116.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Optimizing On-Demand Bus Services for Remote Areas

Author

Listed:
  • Xudong Li

    (Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China)

  • Zhongzhen Yang

    (Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China)

  • Feng Lian

    (Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China)

Abstract

This study proposes on-demand bus services for remote areas with low transit demand, incorporating travelers’ willingness to pay and values of time. To jointly optimize the on-demand service of overlapping bus routes, we construct a bi-level model. The upper-level model (UM) optimizes bus departure frequency in different time windows and ticket prices of on-demand services to minimize the total generalized cost, subject to travelers’ willingness to pay for on-demand services. The lower-level model (LM) calculates the probability of travelers choosing on-demand stops. A numerical analysis based on Meishan Island data in Ningbo indicates that with on-demand bus services, the total generalized cost incurred by buses and travelers can be reduced by 30.36% and 15.35% during rush and off-rush hours, respectively. Additionally, the waiting time at an on-demand bus stop is only 4.3 min during rush hours and 6.8 min during off-rush hours.

Suggested Citation

  • Xudong Li & Zhongzhen Yang & Feng Lian, 2023. "Optimizing On-Demand Bus Services for Remote Areas," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-20, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:9:p:7264-:d:1134116
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/9/7264/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/9/7264/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Peiqing Li & Longlong Jiang & Shunfeng Zhang & Xi Jiang, 2022. "Demand Response Transit Scheduling Research Based on Urban and Rural Transportation Station Optimization," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-17, October.
    2. Sharif Azadeh, Shadi & van der Zee, J. & Wagenvoort, M., 2022. "Choice-driven service network design for an integrated fixed line and demand responsive mobility system," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 166(C), pages 557-574.
    3. Chu, James C. & Korsesthakarn, Kanticha & Hsu, Yu-Ting & Wu, Hua-Yen, 2019. "Models and a solution algorithm for planning transfer synchronization of bus timetables," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 247-266.
    4. Marco Diana & Luca Quadrifoglio & Cristina Pronello, 2009. "A methodology for comparing distances traveled by performance-equivalent fixed-route and demand responsive transit services," Transportation Planning and Technology, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 32(4), pages 377-399, June.
    5. Ihab Kaddoura & Benjamin Kickhöfer & Andreas Neumann & Alejandro Tirachini, 2015. "Optimal Public Transport Pricing: Towards an Agent-based Marginal Social Cost Approach," Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, University of Bath, vol. 49(2), pages 200-218, April.
    6. Babak Mehran & Yongzhe Yang & Sushreeta Mishra, 2020. "Analytical models for comparing operational costs of regular bus and semi-flexible transit services," Public Transport, Springer, vol. 12(1), pages 147-169, March.
    7. Drevs, Florian & Tscheulin, Dieter K. & Lindenmeier, Jörg & Renner, Simone, 2014. "Crowding-in or crowding out: An empirical analysis on the effect of subsidies on individual willingness-to-pay for public transportation," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 250-261.
    8. Daganzo, Carlos F., 1984. "Checkpoint dial-a-ride systems," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 18(4-5), pages 315-327.
    9. Fu Wang & Manqing Ye & Hongbin Zhu & Dengjun Gu, 2022. "Optimization Method for Conventional Bus Stop Placement and the Bus Line Network Based on the Voronoi Diagram," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-20, June.
    10. Guo, Qianwen & Sun, Yanshuo & Schonfeld, Paul & Li, Zhongfei, 2021. "Time-dependent transit fare optimization with elastic and spatially distributed demand," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 148(C), pages 353-378.
    11. Muhammad Ahmad Al-Rashid & Kh Md Nahiduzzaman & Sohel Ahmed & Tiziana Campisi & Nurten Akgün, 2020. "Gender-Responsive Public Transportation in the Dammam Metropolitan Region, Saudi Arabia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-17, October.
    12. Jie Xiong & Biao Chen & Xiangnan Li & Zhengbing He & Yanyan Chen, 2020. "Demand Responsive Service-based Optimization on Flexible Routes and Departure Time of Community Shuttles," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-20, January.
    13. Lin Wang & S. C. Wirasinghe & Lina Kattan & Saeid Saidi, 2018. "Optimization of demand-responsive transit systems using zonal strategy," International Journal of Urban Sciences, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 22(3), pages 366-381, July.
    14. Li, Xueyan & Qiu, Heting & Yang, Yanni & Zhang, Hankun, 2022. "Differentiated fares depend on bus line and time for urban public transport network based on travelers’ day-to-day group behavior," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 593(C).
    15. Kim, Myungseob (Edward) & Schonfeld, Paul, 2015. "Maximizing net benefits for conventional and flexible bus services," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 116-133.
    16. Zhong-zhen Yang & Sun Yu & Feng Lian, 2021. "Online shopping versus in-store shopping and its implications for urbanization in China: based on the shopping behaviors of students relocated to a remote campus," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(2), pages 2846-2866, February.
    17. Sörensen, Leif & Bossert, Andreas & Jokinen, Jani-Pekka & Schlüter, Jan, 2021. "How much flexibility does rural public transport need? – Implications from a fully flexible DRT system," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 5-20.
    18. Lingjuan Chen & Yijing Zhao & Zupeng Liu & Xinran Yang, 2022. "Construction of Commuters’ Multi-Mode Choice Model Based on Public Transport Operation Data," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-20, November.
    19. (Edward) Kim, Myungseob & Levy, Joshua & Schonfeld, Paul, 2019. "Optimal zone sizes and headways for flexible-route bus services," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 67-81.
    20. Schasché, Stephanie E. & Sposato, Robert G. & Hampl, Nina, 2022. "The dilemma of demand-responsive transport services in rural areas: Conflicting expectations and weak user acceptance," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 43-54.
    21. Nyga, Andreas & Minnich, Aljoscha & Schlüter, Jan, 2020. "The effects of susceptibility, eco-friendliness and dependence on the Consumers’ Willingness to Pay for a door-to-door DRT system," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 540-558.
    22. Kamel, Islam & Shalaby, Amer & Abdulhai, Baher, 2020. "A modelling platform for optimizing time-dependent transit fares in large-scale multimodal networks," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 38-54.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Anatolii Petrenko & Oleh Boloban, 2023. "Generalized information with examples on the possibility of using a service-oriented approach and artificial intelligence technologies in the industry of e-Health," Technology audit and production reserves, PC TECHNOLOGY CENTER, vol. 4(2(72)), pages 10-17, August.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Berrada, Jaâfar & Poulhès, Alexis, 2021. "Economic and socioeconomic assessment of replacing conventional public transit with demand responsive transit services in low-to-medium density areas," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 317-334.
    2. Xuemei Zhou & Guohui Wei & Yunbo Zhang & Qianlin Wang & Huanwu Guo, 2023. "Optimizing Multi-Vehicle Demand-Responsive Bus Dispatching: A Real-Time Reservation-Based Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-18, March.
    3. Sayarshad, Hamid R. & Gao, H. Oliver, 2020. "Optimizing dynamic switching between fixed and flexible transit services with an idle-vehicle relocation strategy and reductions in emissions," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 198-214.
    4. Badia, Hugo & Jenelius, Erik, 2021. "Design and operation of feeder systems in the era of automated and electric buses," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 146-172.
    5. GALARZA MONTENEGRO, Bryan David & SÖRENSEN, Kenneth & VANSTEENWEGEN, Pieter, 2023. "A demand-responsive feeder service with a maximum headway at mandatory stops," Working Papers 2023001, University of Antwerp, Faculty of Business and Economics.
    6. Aljoscha Minnich & Holger A. Rau & Jan Christian Schlüter, 2022. "The effects of gift vouchers and environmental certificates on the demand for a collective DRT system," Transportation, Springer, vol. 49(6), pages 1683-1714, December.
    7. Rich, Jeppe & Seshadri, Ravi & Jomeh, Ali Jamal & Clausen, Sofus Rasmus, 2023. "Fixed routing or demand-responsive? Agent-based modelling of autonomous first and last mile services in light-rail systems," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).
    8. Babak Mehran & Yongzhe Yang & Sushreeta Mishra, 2020. "Analytical models for comparing operational costs of regular bus and semi-flexible transit services," Public Transport, Springer, vol. 12(1), pages 147-169, March.
    9. András Lakatos & János Tóth & Péter Mándoki, 2020. "Demand Responsive Transport Service of ‘Dead-End Villages’ in Interurban Traffic," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-17, May.
    10. Jaâfar Berrada & Alexis Poulhès, 2021. "Economic and socioeconomic assessment of replacing conventional public transit with demand responsive transit services in low-to-medium density areas," Post-Print hal-03325200, HAL.
    11. Wu, Jiaming & Kulcsár, Balázs & Selpi, & Qu, Xiaobo, 2021. "A modular, adaptive, and autonomous transit system (MAATS): A in-motion transfer strategy and performance evaluation in urban grid transit networks," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 81-98.
    12. Peiqing Li & Longlong Jiang & Shunfeng Zhang & Xi Jiang, 2022. "Demand Response Transit Scheduling Research Based on Urban and Rural Transportation Station Optimization," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-17, October.
    13. Calabrò, Giovanni & Araldo, Andrea & Oh, Simon & Seshadri, Ravi & Inturri, Giuseppe & Ben-Akiva, Moshe, 2023. "Adaptive transit design: Optimizing fixed and demand responsive multi-modal transportation via continuous approximation," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 171(C).
    14. Shang, Huayan & Chang, Yi & Huang, Haijun & Zhao, Fangxia, 2022. "Integration of conventional and customized bus services: An empirical study in Beijing," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 605(C).
    15. Li, Xueyan & Qiu, Heting & Yang, Yanni & Zhang, Hankun, 2022. "Differentiated fares depend on bus line and time for urban public transport network based on travelers’ day-to-day group behavior," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 593(C).
    16. Conny Grunicke & Jan Christian Schluter & Jani-Pekka Jokinen, 2020. "Implementation of a cost-benefit analysis of Demand-Responsive Transport with a Multi-Agent Transport Simulation," Papers 2011.12869, arXiv.org, revised Mar 2021.
    17. Xu, Shu-Xian & Liu, Tian-Liang & Huang, Hai-Jun & Liu, Ronghui, 2018. "Mode choice and railway subsidy in a congested monocentric city with endogenous population distribution," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 116(C), pages 413-433.
    18. Peter Džupka & Radovan Dráb & Marek Gróf & Tomáš Štofa, 2024. "Exploring Willingness to Pay across Different Passenger Traits," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-16, January.
    19. Kim, Myungseob (Edward) & Schonfeld, Paul, 2015. "Maximizing net benefits for conventional and flexible bus services," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 116-133.
    20. Ghada Alturif & Wafaa Saleh, 2023. "Attitudes and Behaviour towards More Sustainable Travel Options in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: An Emerging Social Change?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-19, August.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:9:p:7264-:d:1134116. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.