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Trade-Offs Analysis of Ecosystem Services for the Grain for Green Program: Informing Reforestation Decisions in a Mountainous Headwater Region, Northeast China

Author

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  • Xiufen Li

    (Agronomy College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
    CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Yichen Tian

    (Agronomy College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
    CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
    Liaoning Provincial Meteorological Training Center, Liaoning Branch of China Meteorological Administration Training Center, Shenyang 110166, China
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Tian Gao

    (CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
    Qingyuan Forest CERN, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
    University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China)

  • Lei Jin

    (Agronomy College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
    Dalian Meteorological Bureau, Dalian 116001, China)

  • Shuangtian Li

    (CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
    University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China)

  • Dan Zhao

    (State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China)

  • Xiao Zheng

    (CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
    Qingyuan Forest CERN, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
    University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China)

  • Lizhong Yu

    (CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
    Qingyuan Forest CERN, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China)

  • Jiaojun Zhu

    (CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
    Qingyuan Forest CERN, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
    University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China)

Abstract

The effects of forest restoration on ecosystem services and their trade-offs are increasingly discussed by environmental managers and ecologists, but few demonstrations have analyzed ecosystem service trade-offs with a view to informing afforestation choices. Here, we examined how the Grain for Green Program (GGP), an ambitious reforestation program in China, affected ecosystem services. We quantified regulating services and provisioning service in the potential scenarios, which were developed to improve ecosystem services better. The results indicated the GGP drove 14.5% of land-use/land-cover from 2000 to 2015, and all the regulating services increased. Prioritizing reforestations in steep-sloped and riparian farmlands can promote flood mitigation, water purification, and soil retention services by 62.7%, 25.5%, and 216.1% as compared with 2015 levels, respectively, suggesting that the improvements strongly depend on afforestation locations. Driven by the new GGP policy, a high proportion of economic forest increased provisioning service (272.2%), but at the expense of decreases in soil retention (−25.1%), flood mitigation (−11.4%), water purification (−36.6%), and carbon storage (−48.5%). We identified a suitable scenario that would reduce the trade-offs, which associated with afforestation types and their spatial allocation. Identifying priority areas of afforestation types can inform the GGP policy to assure sustainable and broader benefits.

Suggested Citation

  • Xiufen Li & Yichen Tian & Tian Gao & Lei Jin & Shuangtian Li & Dan Zhao & Xiao Zheng & Lizhong Yu & Jiaojun Zhu, 2020. "Trade-Offs Analysis of Ecosystem Services for the Grain for Green Program: Informing Reforestation Decisions in a Mountainous Headwater Region, Northeast China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(11), pages 1-17, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:12:y:2020:i:11:p:4762-:d:369958
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    References listed on IDEAS

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