IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jrisks/v9y2021i8p146-d616112.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Earnings Management, Related Party Transactions and Corporate Performance: The Moderating Role of Internal Control

Author

Listed:
  • Grzegorz Zimon

    (Department of Finance, Banking, and Accountancy, The Faculty of Management, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland)

  • Andrea Appolloni

    (Department of Management and Law, Faculty of Economics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
    School of Management, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
    Institute for Research on Innovation and Services for Development (IRISS), National Research Council (CNR), 80134 Naples, Italy)

  • Hossein Tarighi

    (Department of Accounting, Attar Institute of Higher Education, Mashhad 9177939579, Iran)

  • Seyedmohammadali Shahmohammadi

    (Department of Management, Islamic Azad University E-Campus (IAUEC), Tehran 1951693358, Iran
    Department of Management, Islamic Azad University of Central Tehran Branch (IAUCTB), Tehran 1951693358, Iran)

  • Ebrahim Daneshpou

    (Department of Accounting, Islamic Azad University Science and Research Branch, Birjand 9717434765, Iran)

Abstract

The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the impacts of earnings management (EM) and related party transactions (RPTs) on corporate financial performance in an emerging market, Iran. This paper also aims to examine the moderating role of internal control weakness (ICW) in the relationship between them. The study sample includes 108 Iranian manufacturing companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) between 2013 and 2018, and panel data with random effects are used to test the hypotheses. When an accounting-based measure called ROA is defined as a proxy for corporate performance, the results show that there is a negative association between real earnings management (REM) and corporate financial situation, while accrual-based earnings management (AEM) and firm value are correlated positively. However, when Tobin’s Q index is defined as a proxy for corporate performance, we do not find any significant association between them. Consistent with the tunneling hypothesis or agency theory, our findings confirm RPTs damage corporate value (ROA and Tobin’s Q) because managers probably consider it a mechanism to exploit enterprise resources owing to existing conflictual interests. Moreover, purchase-related party transactions lead to lower ROA, whereas sale-related party transactions and Tobin’s Q are correlated negatively. Moreover, weak internal control has a positive moderating influence on the linkage between AEM and Tobin’s Q index. Finally, we provide robust evidence that there is a positive association between sale growth and institutional owners with ROA and Tobin’s Q, although financial leverage and mergers and acquisitions (M&A) have a destructive effect on corporate value.

Suggested Citation

  • Grzegorz Zimon & Andrea Appolloni & Hossein Tarighi & Seyedmohammadali Shahmohammadi & Ebrahim Daneshpou, 2021. "Earnings Management, Related Party Transactions and Corporate Performance: The Moderating Role of Internal Control," Risks, MDPI, vol. 9(8), pages 1-26, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jrisks:v:9:y:2021:i:8:p:146-:d:616112
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9091/9/8/146/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9091/9/8/146/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Wang, Hong-Da & Cho, Chia-Ching & Lin, Chan-Jane, 2019. "Related party transactions, business relatedness, and firm performance," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 411-425.
    2. Theodore A. Papadogonas, 2007. "The financial performance of large and small firms: evidence from Greece," International Journal of Financial Services Management, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 2(1/2), pages 14-20.
    3. Wang, Fangjun & Xu, Luying & Zhang, Junrui & Shu, Wei, 2018. "Political connections, internal control and firm value: Evidence from China's anti-corruption campaign," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 53-67.
    4. Cornett, Marcia Millon & Marcus, Alan J. & Saunders, Anthony & Tehranian, Hassan, 2007. "The impact of institutional ownership on corporate operating performance," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 31(6), pages 1771-1794, June.
    5. Djankov, Simeon & La Porta, Rafael & Lopez-de-Silanes, Florencio & Shleifer, Andrei, 2008. "The law and economics of self-dealing," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 88(3), pages 430-465, June.
    6. Beatriz Garcia Osma, 2008. "Board Independence and Real Earnings Management: The Case of R&D Expenditure," Corporate Governance: An International Review, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 16(2), pages 116-131, March.
    7. Andrew Bell & Malcolm Fairbrother & Kelvyn Jones, 2019. "Fixed and random effects models: making an informed choice," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 53(2), pages 1051-1074, March.
    8. Michele Pizzo, 2013. "Related party transactions under a contingency perspective," Journal of Management & Governance, Springer;Accademia Italiana di Economia Aziendale (AIDEA), vol. 17(2), pages 309-330, May.
    9. Friedman, Eric & Johnson, Simon & Mitton, Todd, 2003. "Propping and tunneling," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 31(4), pages 732-750, December.
    10. Lu Zhang & Chen Xue & Frederico Belo, 2012. "Accounting for Value," 2012 Meeting Papers 1128, Society for Economic Dynamics.
    11. Lázaro Rodriguez-Ariza & Jennifer Martínez-Ferrero & Manuel Bermejo-Sánchez, 2016. "Consequences of earnings management for corporate reputation," Accounting Research Journal, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 29(4), pages 457-474, November.
    12. Qiang Lin & Tao Zhang, 2020. "Trade credit in economic fluctuations and its impact on corporate performance: a panel data analysis from China," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 52(1), pages 1-18, January.
    13. Kohlbeck, Mark & Mayhew, Brian W., 2010. "Valuation of firms that disclose related party transactions," Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, Elsevier, vol. 29(2), pages 115-137, March.
    14. Mahdi Moradi & Andrea Appolloni & Grzegorz Zimon & Hossein Tarighi & Maede Kamali, 2021. "Macroeconomic Factors and Stock Price Crash Risk: Do Managers Withhold Bad News in the Crisis-Ridden Iran Market?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-16, March.
    15. Ilan Guttman & Ohad Kadan & Eugene Kandel, 2010. "Dividend Stickiness and Strategic Pooling," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 23(12), pages 4455-4495, December.
    16. Fukuda, Akira, 2020. "The Effects of M&A on Corporate Performance in Japan:DID Analysis in the Era of Corporate Governance Reform," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 55(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Emmanuel Mensah & Joseph Kwadwo Tuffour & Mamdouh Abdulaziz Saleh Al-Faryan, 2023. "Does macroeconomic misery index matter in the micro firm-level earnings Management – performance nexus? Evidence from dynamic Panel threshold regression," Cogent Economics & Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 11(2), pages 2289321-228, October.
    2. Anggita Langgeng WIJAYA & Ima Widha RATNASARI, 2023. "The Effect of the Audit Committee on the Firm Value of State-Owned Enterprises in Indonesia: The Mediation Role of Financial Performance," CECCAR Business Review, Body of Expert and Licensed Accountants of Romania (CECCAR), vol. 4(6), pages 60-72, June.
    3. Dominika Gajdosikova & Katarina Valaskova & Tomas Kliestik & Maria Kovacova, 2023. "Research on Corporate Indebtedness Determinants: A Case Study of Visegrad Group Countries," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-30, January.
    4. Firas N. Dahmash & Hashem Alshurafat & Raed Hendawi & Abdallah Bader Alzoubi & Hamzeh Al Amosh, 2023. "The Retained Earnings Effect on the Firm’s Market Value: Evidence from Jordan," IJFS, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-11, July.
    5. Emmanuel Mensah & Christopher Boachie, 2023. "Corporate governance mechanisms and earnings management: The moderating role of female directors," Cogent Business & Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 10(1), pages 2167290-216, December.
    6. Junying Li & Jirawan Deeprasert & Rita Yi Man Li & Wei Lu, 2022. "The Influence of Chinese Professional Basketball Organizations’ (CPBOs’) Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Efforts on Their Clubs’ Sustainable Development," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-21, September.
    7. Grzegorz Zimon & Hossein Tarighi & Mahdi Salehi & Adam Sadowski, 2022. "Assessment of Financial Security of SMEs Operating in the Renewable Energy Industry during COVID-19 Pandemic," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(24), pages 1-18, December.
    8. Giovanna Gavana & Pietro Gottardo & Anna Maria Moisello, 2022. "Related Party Transactions and Earnings Management: The Moderating Effect of ESG Performance," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-21, May.
    9. Weiqi Pei & Weiran Pei, 2022. "Empirical Study on the Impact of Government Environmental Subsidies on Environmental Performance of Heavily Polluting Enterprises Based on the Regulating Effect of Internal Control," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(1), pages 1-17, December.
    10. Jonas Šiaulys & Rokas Puišys, 2022. "Survival with Random Effect," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-17, March.
    11. Mahdi Salehi & Grzegorz Zimon & Hayder Adnan Hashim & Ryszard Jędrzejczak & Adam Sadowski, 2022. "Accounting Quality and Audit Attributes on the Stock Price Crashes in an Emerging Market," Risks, MDPI, vol. 10(10), pages 1-24, October.
    12. Changrong Wang & Lufeng Gou & Xuemei Li, 2022. "Is Education Beneficial to Environmentally Friendly Behaviors? Evidence from CEOs," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(18), pages 1-21, September.
    13. Boachie, Christopher & Mensah, Emmanuel, 2022. "The effect of earnings management on firm performance: The moderating role of corporate governance quality," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    14. Mahmoud Lari Dashtbayaz & Amjed Hameed Mezher & Khalid Haitham Khalid Albadr & Bashaer Khudhair Abbas Alkafaji, 2023. "The Relationship between Intellectual Capital and Audit Fees," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-28, February.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Hossein Tarighi & Zeynab Nourbakhsh Hosseiny & Mohammad Reza Abbaszadeh & Grzegorz Zimon & Darya Haghighat, 2022. "How Do Financial Distress Risk and Related Party Transactions Affect Financial Reporting Quality? Empirical Evidence from Iran," Risks, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-23, February.
    2. Mohd Mohid Rahmat & Kamran Ahmed & Gerald J. Lobo, 2020. "Related Party Transactions, Value Relevance and Informativeness of Earnings: Evidence from Four Economies in East Asia," Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies (RPBFMP), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 23(01), pages 1-42, March.
    3. Agnihotri, Arpita & Bhattacharya, Saurabh, 2019. "Internationalization, related party transactions, and firm ownership structure: Empirical evidence from an emerging market," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 340-352.
    4. Kinshuk Saurabh, 2023. "Expropriation mechanisms, corporate governance, and cross-border acquisitions by Indian firms," International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 20(4), pages 395-409, December.
    5. Pietro Fera & Rosa Vinciguerra, 2022. "Minorities? Representativeness on the Board and their Effect on the Level of Compliance with the Italian RPTs Regulation," FINANCIAL REPORTING, FrancoAngeli Editore, vol. 2022(2), pages 57-88.
    6. Chen, Ching-Lung & Chen, Chung-Yu & Weng, Pei-Yu, 2020. "Do related party transactions always deteriorate earnings informativeness?," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
    7. Wei‐Kang Wang & Wen‐Min Lu & Qian Long Kweh & Wun‐Ya Siao, 2020. "Related‐party transactions and corporate performance following the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards in Taiwan," Managerial and Decision Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 41(3), pages 371-379, April.
    8. Aldy Fariz Achsanta & Laetitia Lepetit & Amine Tarazi, 2020. "Expropriation risk vs. government bailout: implications for minority shareholders of state-owned banks," Working Papers hal-02512308, HAL.
    9. Nadia Saghi-Zedek & Amine Tarazi, 2015. "Droits de contrôle versus droits pécuniaires, crise financière et vulnérabilité des banques européennes," Revue économique, Presses de Sciences-Po, vol. 66(3), pages 527-535.
    10. Lepetit, Laetitia & Saghi-Zedek, Nadia & Tarazi, Amine, 2015. "Excess control rights, bank capital structure adjustments, and lending," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 115(3), pages 574-591.
    11. Bansal, Shashank & Thenmozhi, M., 2020. "Does Concentrated Founder Ownership Affect Related Party Transactions? Evidence from an Emerging Economy," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 53(C).
    12. Kusnadi, Yuanto, 2015. "Insider trading restrictions and corporate risk-taking," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 35(PA), pages 125-142.
    13. Mengyun Wu & Martha Coleman & Jonas Bawuah, 2020. "The Predictive Power of K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN): The Effect of Corporate Governance Mechanisms on Earnings Management," SAGE Open, , vol. 10(3), pages 21582440209, August.
    14. Lin, Chen & Ma, Yue & Malatesta, Paul & Xuan, Yuhai, 2013. "Corporate ownership structure and the choice between bank debt and public debt," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 109(2), pages 517-534.
    15. Godlewski, Christophe J. & Le, Nhung Hong, 2022. "Family firms and the cost of borrowing: empirical evidence from East Asia," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 60(C).
    16. Shailer, Greg & Wang, Kun, 2015. "Government ownership and the cost of debt for Chinese listed corporations," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 22(C), pages 1-17.
    17. Bae, Kee-Hong & Baek, Jae-Seung & Kang, Jun-Koo & Liu, Wei-Lin, 2012. "Do controlling shareholders' expropriation incentives imply a link between corporate governance and firm value? Theory and evidence," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 105(2), pages 412-435.
    18. Cheung, Yan-Leung & Qi, Yuehua & Raghavendra Rau, P. & Stouraitis, Aris, 2009. "Buy high, sell low: How listed firms price asset transfers in related party transactions," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 33(5), pages 914-924, May.
    19. Kun Wang & Greg Shailer, 2015. "Ownership Concentration And Firm Performance In Emerging Markets: A Meta-Analysis," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 29(2), pages 199-229, April.
    20. Pursey Heugens & Marc Essen & J. Oosterhout, 2009. "Meta-analyzing ownership concentration and firm performance in Asia: Towards a more fine-grained understanding," Asia Pacific Journal of Management, Springer, vol. 26(3), pages 481-512, September.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jrisks:v:9:y:2021:i:8:p:146-:d:616112. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.