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Application of Multivariate Statistical Techniques as an Indicator of Variability of the Effects of COVID-19 on the Paris Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control

Author

Listed:
  • Jose Manuel Prieto

    (Department of Maritime Studies, University of Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain)

  • Víctor Amor-Esteban

    (Department of Statistics, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain)

  • David Almorza-Gomar

    (Department of Statistics and Operational Research, University of Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain)

  • Ignacio Turias

    (Department of Computer Engineering, University of Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain)

  • Francisco Piniella

    (Department of Maritime Studies, University of Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain)

Abstract

The first pandemic of the 21st Century was declared at the beginning of the year 2020 due to the spread of the COVID-19 virus. Its effects devastated the world economy and greatly affected maritime transport, one of the precursors of globalisation. This paper studies the effects of the pandemic on this type of transport, using data from 23,803 Paris Memorandum of Understanding Port State Control (PSC) inspections conducted in the top 10 major European ports. Comparisons have been made between Pre-COVID (2013–2019) and COVID (2020–2021) years, by way of multivariate methodologies: CO-X-STATIS, X-STATIS, and correspondence tables. The results were striking and indicate a clear change in the conduct of inspections during the COVID period, both quantitatively and qualitatively, showing a drastic reduction in the number of inspections and a change in type, with exhaustive inspections assuming a secondary role. Another notable result came from the use of the same methodology to study the different countries of registry and their evolution within PSC inspections during the Pre-COVID and COVID periods, where different behaviours were identified based on a ship’s flag. These results can help us to determine important supervisory objectives for each country’s maritime administration and their inspectors, to indicate weaknesses in the inspection routines caused by the pandemic, and to attempt corrections to improve maritime safety.

Suggested Citation

  • Jose Manuel Prieto & Víctor Amor-Esteban & David Almorza-Gomar & Ignacio Turias & Francisco Piniella, 2023. "Application of Multivariate Statistical Techniques as an Indicator of Variability of the Effects of COVID-19 on the Paris Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 11(14), pages 1-22, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jmathe:v:11:y:2023:i:14:p:3188-:d:1198692
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jose Manuel Prieto & Victor Amor & Ignacio Turias & David Almorza & Francisco Piniella, 2021. "Evaluation of Paris MoU Maritime Inspections Using a STATIS Approach," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 9(17), pages 1-13, August.
    2. Wang, Shuaian & Yan, Ran & Qu, Xiaobo, 2019. "Development of a non-parametric classifier: Effective identification, algorithm, and applications in port state control for maritime transportation," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 128(C), pages 129-157.
    3. Knapp, Sabine & Franses, Philip Hans, 2007. "Econometric analysis on the effect of port state control inspections on the probability of casualty: Can targeting of substandard ships for inspections be improved?," Marine Policy, Elsevier, vol. 31(4), pages 550-563, July.
    4. Kevin X. Li & Haisha Zheng, 2008. "Enforcement of law by the Port State Control (PSC)," Maritime Policy & Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 35(1), pages 61-71, February.
    5. Sabine Knapp & Philip Hans Franses, 2007. "A global view on port state control: econometric analysis of the differences across port state control regimes," Maritime Policy & Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 34(5), pages 453-482, October.
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