IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jjrfmx/v14y2021i9p428-d630668.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Industry, Firm, and Country Level Dynamics of Capital Structure: A Case of Pakistani Firms

Author

Listed:
  • Idrees Liaqat

    (School of Management, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China)

  • Muhammad Asif Khan

    (Department of Commerce, Faculty of Management Sciences, University of Kotli, Kotli 11100, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan)

  • József Popp

    (Institute of Economic Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
    College of Business and Economics, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa)

  • Judit Oláh

    (College of Business and Economics, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
    Institute of Applied Informatics and Logistics, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary)

Abstract

The capital structure appears to be one of the most researched and the most controversial areas in modern corporate finance. Prior literature on determinants of capital structure has concentrated on firm and country level factors by employing static modeling. Static modeling has certain limitations, which do not allow companies to establish an optimum capital structure in line with economic uncertainty. This study makes a worthy contribution to the existing body of knowledge by filling the gap in the evolution of capital structure by employing a dynamic framework of the financial sector of Pakistan. In addition, the study brings into focus sectors’ importance in determining the firm’s financial behavior. Based on secondary financial sector data from 2006–2019, the article addresses the issues by employing two-step system generalized method of moments (GMM). The findings of the study validated the existence of dynamic capital structure across the financial sector of Pakistan and reinforced the substantial impact of sectors’ unique environment on leverage mechanism. The results are robust under alternative estimation approaches and offer useful policy implications.

Suggested Citation

  • Idrees Liaqat & Muhammad Asif Khan & József Popp & Judit Oláh, 2021. "Industry, Firm, and Country Level Dynamics of Capital Structure: A Case of Pakistani Firms," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-17, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jjrfmx:v:14:y:2021:i:9:p:428-:d:630668
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1911-8074/14/9/428/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1911-8074/14/9/428/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Guanqun Tong & Christopher Green, 2005. "Pecking order or trade-off hypothesis? Evidence on the capital structure of Chinese companies," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 37(19), pages 2179-2189.
    2. Kayo, Eduardo K. & Kimura, Herbert, 2011. "Hierarchical determinants of capital structure," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 35(2), pages 358-371, February.
    3. Alina Almã?an & Cristina Circa & Mãdãlina Dumitru & Raluca Gina Gu?e & Drago? Marian Mangiuc, 2019. "Effects of Integrated Reporting on Corporate Disclosure Practices regarding the Capitals and Performance," The AMFITEATRU ECONOMIC journal, Academy of Economic Studies - Bucharest, Romania, vol. 21(52), pages 572-572, August.
    4. Roy L. Simerly & Mingfang Li, 2000. "Environmental dynamism, capital structure and performance: a theoretical integration and an empirical test," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 21(1), pages 31-49, January.
    5. Li, Larry & Islam, Silvia Z., 2019. "Firm and industry specific determinants of capital structure: Evidence from the Australian market," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 425-437.
    6. Stulz, ReneM., 1990. "Managerial discretion and optimal financing policies," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 26(1), pages 3-27, July.
    7. Timothy B. Palmer & Robert M. Wiseman, 1999. "Decoupling risk taking from income stream uncertainty: a holistic model of risk," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 20(11), pages 1037-1062, November.
    8. Maryam Isyaku Muhammad & Mohammed Abubakar & Mohammed Mahmud Kakanda & Muhammad Abdul Abubakar, 2020. "The Dynamics of Capital Structure and Firm Value of Listed Industrial Goods in Nigeria," Asian Journal of Empirical Research, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 10(7), pages 184-193.
    9. Thomas Cooley & Vincenzo Quadrini, 2006. "Monetary policy and the financial decisions of firms," Economic Theory, Springer;Society for the Advancement of Economic Theory (SAET), vol. 27(1), pages 243-270, January.
    10. Dimitris Margaritis & Maria Psillaki, 2007. "Capital Structure and Firm Efficiency," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 34(9‐10), pages 1447-1469, November.
    11. Laurence Booth & Varouj Aivazian & Asli Demirguc‐Kunt & Vojislav Maksimovic, 2001. "Capital Structures in Developing Countries," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 56(1), pages 87-130, February.
    12. Brander, James A. & Lewis, Tracy R., 1986. "Oligopoly and Financial Structure: The Limited Liability Effect," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 76(5), pages 956-970, December.
    13. Deesomsak, Rataporn & Paudyal, Krishna & Pescetto, Gioia, 2004. "The determinants of capital structure: evidence from the Asia Pacific region," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 14(4-5), pages 387-405.
    14. David J. Smith & Jianguo Chen & Hamish D. Anderson & Steven Cahan, 2015. "The influence of firm financial position and industry characteristics on capital structure adjustment," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 55(4), pages 1135-1169, December.
    15. Maryam Isyaku Muhammad & Mohammed Abubakar & Mohammed Mahmud Kakanda & Muhammad Abdul Abubakar, 2020. "The dynamics of capital structure and firm value of listed industrial goods in Nigeria," Asian Journal of Empirical Research, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 10(7), pages 184-193, July.
    16. Titman, Sheridan & Wessels, Roberto, 1988. " The Determinants of Capital Structure Choice," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 43(1), pages 1-19, March.
    17. Leszek Czerwonka & Jacek Jaworski, 2019. "Determinants of Enterprises’ Capital Structure in Poland: Evidence from Warsaw Stock Exchange," Eurasian Studies in Business and Economics, in: Mehmet Huseyin Bilgin & Hakan Danis & Ender Demir & Ugur Can (ed.), Eurasian Economic Perspectives, pages 249-262, Springer.
    18. Todd Mitton, 2008. "Why Have Debt Ratios Increased for Firms in Emerging Markets?," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 14(1), pages 127-151, January.
    19. Joye Khoo & Robert B. Durand & Subhrendu Rath, 2017. "Leverage adjustment after mergers and acquisitions," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 57, pages 185-210, April.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Gopane, Thabo J. & Gandanhamo, Tanyaradzwa & Mabejane, John-Baptiste, 2023. "Technology firms and capital structure adjustment: Application of two-step system generalised method of moments," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 70, pages 34-54.
    2. Idrees Liaqat & Yongqiang Gao & Faheem Ur Rehman & Zoltán Lakner & Judit Oláh, 2022. "National Culture and Financial Inclusion: Evidence from Belt and Road Economies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-21, March.
    3. Mieczysław Kowerski, 2022. "A number of capital structure models presented even in prominent papers are estimated with incorrect estimators," Bank i Kredyt, Narodowy Bank Polski, vol. 53(5), pages 475-496.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Anwar, Sajid & Sun, Sizhong, 2015. "Can the presence of foreign investment affect the capital structure of domestic firms?," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 32-43.
    2. Aamer Shahzad & Muhammad Azeem & Mian Sajid Nazir & Xuan Vinh Vo & Nguyen T. M. Linh, 2021. "The determinants of capital structure: Evidence from SAARC countries," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 26(4), pages 6471-6487, October.
    3. Kayo, Eduardo K. & Kimura, Herbert, 2011. "Hierarchical determinants of capital structure," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 35(2), pages 358-371, February.
    4. Rana El Bahsh & Ali Alattar & Aziz N. Yusuf, 2018. "Firm, Industry and Country Level Determinants of Capital Structure: Evidence from Jordan," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 8(2), pages 175-190.
    5. Imran Yousaf & Arshad Hassan, 2016. "Effect of Family Control on Corporate Financing Decisions: A Case of Pakistan," PIDE-Working Papers 2016:138, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics.
    6. Mohamed, Hisham Hanifa & Masih, Mansur & Bacha, Obiyathulla I., 2015. "Why do issuers issue Sukuk or conventional bond? Evidence from Malaysian listed firms using partial adjustment models," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 34(C), pages 233-252.
    7. Miguel Acedo-Ramírez & Juan Ayala-Calvo & José Rodríguez-Osés, 2013. "Capital structure of small companies in the Spanish footwear sector: relevant factors," SERIEs: Journal of the Spanish Economic Association, Springer;Spanish Economic Association, vol. 4(2), pages 155-173, June.
    8. Soumaya Hergli & Frederic Teulon, 2014. "Capital structure’s explanatory factors : The Maghreb case," Working Papers 2014-98, Department of Research, Ipag Business School.
    9. Valcacer, Santiago & José de Moura, Heber & Lopes , David & Amorim , Vinicius, 2017. "Capital structure management differences in Latin American and US firms after 2008 crisis," Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science, Universidad ESAN, vol. 22(42), pages 51-74.
    10. Mai, Nhat Chi, 2012. "Market timing, taxes and capital structure: evidence from Vietnam," OSF Preprints t3mvs, Center for Open Science.
    11. Aleksandra Stoiljković & Slavica Tomić & Bojan Leković & Milenko Matić, 2022. "Determinants of Capital Structure: Empirical Evidence of Manufacturing Companies in the Republic of Serbia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-19, December.
    12. Nicolas Griesshaber, 2017. "Towards a more comprehensive understanding of corporate leverage ratios," IFC Bulletins chapters, in: Bank for International Settlements (ed.), Uses of central balance sheet data offices' information, volume 45, Bank for International Settlements.
    13. Shoaib Ali & Attiya Yasmin Javid, 2015. "Relationship between Credit Rating, Capital Structure and Earning Management Behaviour: Evidence from Pakistani Listed Firms," PIDE-Working Papers 2015:121, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics.
    14. Quratulain Zafar & Winai Wongsurawat & David Camino, 2019. "The determinants of leverage decisions: Evidence from Asian emerging markets," Cogent Economics & Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 7(1), pages 1598836-159, January.
    15. Lindner, Thomas & Puck, Jonas & Stocco, Giulia, 2023. "Asymmetric risk perception and firm financing in the institutional envelope," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 32(3).
    16. Yildirim, Ramazan & Masih, Mansur & Bacha, Obiyathulla Ismath, 2018. "Determinants of capital structure: evidence from Shari'ah compliant and non-compliant firms," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 198-219.
    17. Yarong Chen & Luca Sensini & Maria Vazquez, 2021. "Determinants of Leverage in Emerging Markets: Empirical Evidence," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 11(2), pages 40-46.
    18. Yun Shen & Damien Wallace & Krishna Reddy & Vikash Ramiah, 2022. "An investigation of CEO characteristics on firm performance," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 62(3), pages 3563-3607, September.
    19. Margaritis, Dimitris & Psillaki, Maria, 2010. "Capital structure, equity ownership and firm performance," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 34(3), pages 621-632, March.
    20. Nhung Hong LE, 2017. "The impact of family ownership status on determinants of leverage. Empirical evidence from South East Asia," Working Papers of LaRGE Research Center 2017-09, Laboratoire de Recherche en Gestion et Economie (LaRGE), Université de Strasbourg.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jjrfmx:v:14:y:2021:i:9:p:428-:d:630668. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.