IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v18y2021i21p11233-d664978.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Relationship between Residential Segregation, Later-Life Cognition, and Incident Dementia across Race/Ethnicity

Author

Listed:
  • Daniel J. Pohl

    (Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
    These authors have contributed equally to this work.)

  • Dominika Seblova

    (Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
    Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
    Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
    These authors have contributed equally to this work.)

  • Justina F. Avila

    (Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
    Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
    Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA)

  • Karen A. Dorsman

    (Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA)

  • Erin R. Kulick

    (Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
    Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadephia, PA 19122, USA)

  • Joan A. Casey

    (Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10031, USA)

  • Jennifer Manly

    (Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
    Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
    Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA)

Abstract

Systemic racism leads to racial/ethnic residential segregation, which can result in health inequities. We examined if the associations between residential segregation and later-life cognition and dementia differed based on segregation measure and by participant race/ethnicity. Tests of memory ( n = 4616), language ( n = 4333), visuospatial abilities ( n = 4557), and incident dementia ( n = 4556) were analyzed in older residents of Northern Manhattan, New York (mean age: 75.7 years). Segregation was measured at the block group-level using three indices: dissimilarity, isolation, and interaction. We fit multilevel linear or Cox proportional hazards models and included a race/ethnicity × segregation term to test for differential associations, adjusting for socioeconomic and health factors. Living in block groups with higher proportions of minoritized people was associated with −0.05 SD lower language scores. Living in block groups with higher potential contact between racial/ethnic groups was associated with 0.06–0.1 SD higher language scores. The findings were less pronounced for other cognitive domains and for incident dementia. Non-Hispanic Black adults were most likely to experience negative effects of neighborhood segregation on cognition (language and memory) and dementia. All indices partly capture downstream effects of structural racism (i.e., unequal distributions of wealth/resources) on cognition. Therefore, desegregation and equitable access to resources have the potential to improve later-life cognitive health.

Suggested Citation

  • Daniel J. Pohl & Dominika Seblova & Justina F. Avila & Karen A. Dorsman & Erin R. Kulick & Joan A. Casey & Jennifer Manly, 2021. "Relationship between Residential Segregation, Later-Life Cognition, and Incident Dementia across Race/Ethnicity," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-16, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:21:p:11233-:d:664978
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/21/11233/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/21/11233/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Douglas E. Levy & Mark C. Pachucki & A. James O’Malley & Bianca Porneala & Awesta Yaqubi & Anne N. Thorndike, 2021. "Social connections and the healthfulness of food choices in an employee population," Nature Human Behaviour, Nature, vol. 5(10), pages 1349-1357, October.
    2. Stephanie A. Robert & Erin Ruel, 2006. "Racial Segregation and Health Disparities Between Black and White Older Adults," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 61(4), pages 203-211.
    3. Grady, Sue C., 2006. "Racial disparities in low birthweight and the contribution of residential segregation: A multilevel analysis," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 63(12), pages 3013-3029, December.
    4. Peter C. Austin, 2017. "A Tutorial on Multilevel Survival Analysis: Methods, Models and Applications," International Statistical Review, International Statistical Institute, vol. 85(2), pages 185-203, August.
    5. Daniel Kim & Beth Ann Griffin & Mohammed Kabeto & José Escarce & Kenneth M Langa & Regina A Shih, 2016. "Lagged Associations of Metropolitan Statistical Area- and State-Level Income Inequality with Cognitive Function: The Health and Retirement Study," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(6), pages 1-14, June.
    6. Versey, H. Shellae, 2018. "A tale of two Harlems: Gentrification, social capital, and implications for aging in place," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 214(C), pages 1-11.
    7. Yin Paradies & Jehonathan Ben & Nida Denson & Amanuel Elias & Naomi Priest & Alex Pieterse & Arpana Gupta & Margaret Kelaher & Gilbert Gee, 2015. "Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(9), pages 1-48, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Liu, Chelsea & Murchland, Audrey R. & VanderWeele, Tyler J. & Blacker, Deborah, 2022. "Eliminating racial disparities in dementia risk by equalizing education quality: A sensitivity analysis," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 312(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. LaShanta J. Rice & Chengsheng Jiang & Sacoby M. Wilson & Kristen Burwell-Naney & Ashok Samantapudi & Hongmei Zhang, 2014. "Use of Segregation Indices, Townsend Index, and Air Toxics Data to Assess Lifetime Cancer Risk Disparities in Metropolitan Charleston, South Carolina, USA," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(5), pages 1-17, May.
    2. Xiaoying Liu & Jere R. Behrman & Emily Hannum & Fan Wang & Qingguo Zhao, 2022. "Same environment, stratified impacts? Air pollution, extreme temperatures, and birth weight in south China," Papers 2204.00219, arXiv.org.
    3. Irizar, Patricia & Kapadia, Dharmi & Amele, Sarah & Bécares, Laia & Divall, Pip & Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal & Kibuchi, Eliud & Kneale, Dylan & McCabe, Ronan & Nazroo, James & Nellums, Laura B. & T, 2023. "Pathways to ethnic inequalities in COVID-19 health outcomes in the United Kingdom: A systematic map," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 329(C).
    4. Yanrong Qiu & Kaihuai Liao & Yanting Zou & Gengzhi Huang, 2022. "A Bibliometric Analysis on Research Regarding Residential Segregation and Health Based on CiteSpace," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1-21, August.
    5. Yuqi Wang & Laurent Reyes & Emily A. Greenfield & Sarah R. Allred, 2022. "Municipal Ethnic Composition and Disparities in COVID-19 Infections in New Jersey: A Blinder–Oaxaca Decomposition Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(21), pages 1-25, October.
    6. Iftikhar Ahmad & Izlin Ismail & Shahrin Saaid Shaharuddin, 2021. "Predictive Role of Ex Ante Strategic Firm Characteristics for Sustainable Initial Public Offering (IPO) Survival," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-26, July.
    7. Malat, Jennifer & Mayorga-Gallo, Sarah & Williams, David R., 2018. "The effects of whiteness on the health of whites in the USA," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 199(C), pages 148-156.
    8. Lynn N. Ibekwe & Maria Eugenia Fernández-Esquer & Sandi L. Pruitt & Nalini Ranjit & Maria E. Fernández, 2021. "Racism and Cancer Screening among Low-Income, African American Women: A Multilevel, Longitudinal Analysis of 2-1-1 Texas Callers," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-19, October.
    9. Caryn N. Bell & Jordan Kerr & Jessica L. Young, 2019. "Associations between Obesity, Obesogenic Environments, and Structural Racism Vary by County-Level Racial Composition," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-17, March.
    10. Ricci B Harris & James Stanley & Donna M Cormack, 2018. "Racism and health in New Zealand: Prevalence over time and associations between recent experience of racism and health and wellbeing measures using national survey data," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(5), pages 1-22, May.
    11. Villarreal-Otálora, Tatiana & Boyas, Javier F. & Alvarez-Hernandez, Luis R. & Fatehi, Mariam, 2020. "Ecological factors influencing suicidal ideation-to-action among Latinx adolescents: An exploration of sex differences," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 118(C).
    12. Farah N. Mawani & Patricia O’Campo & Peter Smith, 2022. "Opportunity Costs: Underemployment and Mental Health Inequities Between Immigrant and Canadian-Born Labour Force Participants: A Cross-Sectional Study," Journal of International Migration and Integration, Springer, vol. 23(3), pages 1443-1470, September.
    13. Alexandra Mendoza-Graf & Rebecca L Collins & Madhumita Ghosh Dastidar & Robin Beckman & Gerald P Hunter & Wendy M Troxel & Tamara Dubowitz, 2023. "Changes in psychosocial wellbeing over a five-year period in two predominantly Black Pittsburgh neighbourhoods: A comparison between gentrifying and non-gentrifying census tracts," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 60(6), pages 1139-1157, May.
    14. Nazan Ulusoy & Anja Schablon, 2020. "Discrimination in In-Patient Geriatric Care: A Qualitative Study on the Experiences of Employees with a Turkish Migration Background," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(7), pages 1-14, March.
    15. Tara L Upshaw & Chloe Brown & Robert Smith & Melissa Perri & Carolyn Ziegler & Andrew D Pinto, 2021. "Social determinants of COVID-19 incidence and outcomes: A rapid review," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 16(3), pages 1-22, March.
    16. Heather A. Moody & Sue C. Grady, 2021. "Lead Emissions and Population Vulnerability in the Detroit Metropolitan Area, 2006–2013: Impact of Pollution, Housing Age and Neighborhood Racial Isolation and Poverty on Blood Lead in Children," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-20, March.
    17. Lubna Rashid & Silvia Cepeda-García, 2021. "Self-Categorising and Othering in Migrant Integration: The Case of Entrepreneurs in Berlin," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-14, February.
    18. Lee, Hyoungjin & Chung, Chris Changwha & Beamish, Paul W., 2019. "Configurational characteristics of mandate portfolios and their impact on foreign subsidiary survival," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 54(5), pages 1-1.
    19. Satrio Nindyo Istiko & Jo Durham & Lana Elliott, 2022. "(Not That) Essential: A Scoping Review of Migrant Workers’ Access to Health Services and Social Protection during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(5), pages 1-13, March.
    20. Yunmi Kim & Hyun-Young Kim, 2021. "Retention Rates and the Associated Risk Factors of Turnover among Newly Hired Nurses at South Korean Hospitals: A Retrospective Cohort Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(19), pages 1-14, September.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:21:p:11233-:d:664978. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.