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Lead Emissions and Population Vulnerability in the Detroit Metropolitan Area, 2006–2013: Impact of Pollution, Housing Age and Neighborhood Racial Isolation and Poverty on Blood Lead in Children

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  • Heather A. Moody

    (Department of Environmental Science and Environmental Engineering, Siena Heights University, 1247 East Siena Heights Drive, Adrian, MI 49221, USA)

  • Sue C. Grady

    (Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, 673 Auditorium Road, Room 207, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA)

Abstract

This research investigates the relationships between airborne and depositional industrial lead emission concentrations modeled using Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) American Meteorological Society/Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model (AERMOD) and childhood blood lead levels (BLL) in the Detroit Metropolitan Area (DMA) 2006–2013. Linear and mediation interaction regression models estimated the effects of older housing and airborne and depositional lead emission concentrations on black and white childhood BLLs, controlling for neighborhood levels of racial isolation and poverty—important social structures in the DMA. The results showed a direct relationship between airborne and depositional lead emissions and higher childhood BLL, after controlling for median housing age. Lead emissions also exacerbated the effect of older housing on black and white children’s BLLs (indirect relationship), after controlling for social structures. Findings from this research indicate that black and white children exposed to lead-based paint/pipes in older housing are further impacted by industrial lead pollution that may lead to permanent neurological damage.

Suggested Citation

  • Heather A. Moody & Sue C. Grady, 2021. "Lead Emissions and Population Vulnerability in the Detroit Metropolitan Area, 2006–2013: Impact of Pollution, Housing Age and Neighborhood Racial Isolation and Poverty on Blood Lead in Children," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-20, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:5:p:2747-:d:513139
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jianbo Yang & Xin Li & Zehui Xiong & Minxi Wang & Qunyi Liu, 2020. "Environmental Pollution Effect Analysis of Lead Compounds in China Based on Life Cycle," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(7), pages 1-17, March.
    2. Grady, Sue C., 2006. "Racial disparities in low birthweight and the contribution of residential segregation: A multilevel analysis," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 63(12), pages 3013-3029, December.
    3. Douglas Massey & Jonathan Tannen, 2015. "A Research Note on Trends in Black Hypersegregation," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 52(3), pages 1025-1034, June.
    4. Heather Moody & Sue C. Grady, 2017. "Lead Emissions and Population Vulnerability in the Detroit (Michigan, USA) Metropolitan Area, 2006–2013: A Spatial and Temporal Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-22, November.
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