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Synergistic Effects of Climate Change and Marine Pollution: An Overlooked Interaction in Coastal and Estuarine Areas

Author

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  • Henrique Cabral

    (Irstea, UR EABX, Centre de Bordeaux, 50 avenue de Verdun, 33612 Cestas, France
    MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal)

  • Vanessa Fonseca

    (MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal)

  • Tânia Sousa

    (MARETEC - Marine, Environment and Technology Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal)

  • Miguel Costa Leal

    (MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
    MARETEC - Marine, Environment and Technology Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
    Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal)

Abstract

Coastal areas have been increasingly affected by human activities, marine pollution and climate change are among the most important pressures affecting these environments. Human-induced pressures occur in a cumulative way and generate additive, antagonistic or synergistic effects. Knowledge on synergistic effects is crucial to coastal zone management, since they may imply a change in human uses of these systems, as well as dedicated action plans in order to reduce hazards and environmental risks. In this work, we provide an overview of the available literature on synergistic effects between climate change and chemical pollution, and discuss current knowledge, methodological approaches, and research gaps and needs. Interactions between these two pressures may be climate change dominant (climate change leads to an increase in contaminant exposure or toxicity) or contaminant-dominant (chemical exposure leads to an increase in climate change susceptibility), but the mechanistic drivers of such processes are not well known. Results from a few meta-analyses studies and reviews showed that synergistic interactions tend to be more frequent compared to additive and antagonistic ones. However, most of the studies are individual-based and assess the cumulative effects of a few contaminants individually in laboratory settings together with few climate variables, particularly temperature and pH. Nevertheless, a wide diversity of contaminants have already been individually tested, spanning from metals, persistent organic pollutants and, more recently, emergent pollutants. Population and community based approaches are less frequent but have generated very interesting and more holistic perspectives. Methodological approaches are quite diverse, from laboratory studies to mesocosm and field studies, or based on statistical or modelling tools, each with their own potential and limitations. More holistic comparisons integrating several pressures and their combinations and a multitude of habitats, taxa, life-stages, among others, are needed, as well as insights from meta-analyses and systematic reviews.

Suggested Citation

  • Henrique Cabral & Vanessa Fonseca & Tânia Sousa & Miguel Costa Leal, 2019. "Synergistic Effects of Climate Change and Marine Pollution: An Overlooked Interaction in Coastal and Estuarine Areas," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(15), pages 1-17, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:15:p:2737-:d:253477
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. M. Barange & G. Merino & J. L. Blanchard & J. Scholtens & J. Harle & E. H. Allison & J. I. Allen & J. Holt & S. Jennings, 2014. "Impacts of climate change on marine ecosystem production in societies dependent on fisheries," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 4(3), pages 211-216, March.
    2. Ken Caldeira & Michael E. Wickett, 2003. "Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH," Nature, Nature, vol. 425(6956), pages 365-365, September.
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    1. Amirah Azzeri & Goh Hong Ching & Hafiz Jaafar & Mohd Iqbal Mohd Noor & Nurain Amirah Razi & Amy Yee-Hui Then & Julia Suhaimi & Fatimah Kari & Maznah Dahlui, 2020. "A Review of Published Literature Regarding Health Issues of Coastal Communities in Sabah, Malaysia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-14, February.

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