IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v15y2022i9p3374-d809200.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Renewable Electricity Generation in Small Island Developing States: The Effect of Importing Ammonia

Author

Listed:
  • Victor N. Sagel

    (Catalytic Processes & Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands)

  • Kevin H. R. Rouwenhorst

    (Catalytic Processes & Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
    Ammonia Energy Association, 77 Sands Street, 6th Floor, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
    Proton Ventures, Karel Doormanweg 5, 3115 JD Schiedam, The Netherlands)

  • Jimmy A. Faria

    (Catalytic Processes & Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands)

Abstract

Recently, we demonstrated for Curaçao that renewable electricity generation from wind combined with energy storage in the form of ammonia is competitive with imported fossil fuels, such as LNG, oil, and coal. In the current work, we have expanded the model by considering imported green ammonia as an alternative to local electricity generation and storage. Local production of ammonia as an energy storage medium was compared with imported ammonia to make up the electricity produced from onshore wind, for Curaçao and Fiji’s largest island Viti Levu. Curaçao and Viti Levu have been selected as two interesting extremes with favorable and non-favorable wind conditions, respectively. Assuming a market price of 500 USD/t NH 3 , it is found that importing ammonia is the most feasible solution for both islands, with a levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of 0.11 USD/kWh for Curaçao and 0.37 USD/kWh for Viti Levu. This compares to 0.12 USD/kWh for Curaçao; however, for Viti Levu, this value increases to 1.10 USD/kWh for a completely islanded system based on onshore wind and imported ammonia. These islands represent two extreme cases in terms of wind load factor and load consistency, as Curaçao has a high and consistent wind load factor when compared to Viti Levu. Thus, the conclusions obtained for these locations are expected to be applicable for other small island developing states.

Suggested Citation

  • Victor N. Sagel & Kevin H. R. Rouwenhorst & Jimmy A. Faria, 2022. "Renewable Electricity Generation in Small Island Developing States: The Effect of Importing Ammonia," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-18, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:9:p:3374-:d:809200
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/9/3374/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/9/3374/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Shea, Ryan P. & Ramgolam, Yatindra Kumar, 2019. "Applied levelized cost of electricity for energy technologies in a small island developing state: A case study in Mauritius," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 1415-1424.
    2. Long Seng To & Anna Bruce & Paul Munro & Edoardo Santagata & Iain MacGill & Manu Rawali & Atul Raturi, 2021. "A research and innovation agenda for energy resilience in Pacific Island Countries and Territories," Nature Energy, Nature, vol. 6(12), pages 1098-1103, December.
    3. Sagel, Victor N. & Rouwenhorst, Kevin H.R. & Faria, Jimmy A., 2022. "Green ammonia enables sustainable energy production in small island developing states: A case study on the island of Curaçao," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    4. O. Schmidt & A. Hawkes & A. Gambhir & I. Staffell, 2017. "The future cost of electrical energy storage based on experience rates," Nature Energy, Nature, vol. 2(8), pages 1-8, August.
    5. van der Velde, M. & Green, S.R. & Vanclooster, M. & Clothier, B.E., 2007. "Sustainable development in small island developing states: Agricultural intensification, economic development, and freshwater resources management on the coral atoll of Tongatapu," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 61(2-3), pages 456-468, March.
    6. Rouwenhorst, Kevin H.R. & Van der Ham, Aloijsius G.J. & Mul, Guido & Kersten, Sascha R.A., 2019. "Islanded ammonia power systems: Technology review & conceptual process design," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 1-1.
    7. Prasad, Ravita D. & Raturi, Atul, 2019. "Low carbon alternatives and their implications for Fiji's electricity sector," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 1-19.
    8. Fasihi, Mahdi & Weiss, Robert & Savolainen, Jouni & Breyer, Christian, 2021. "Global potential of green ammonia based on hybrid PV-wind power plants," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 294(C).
    9. Muhammad Aziz & Agung Tri Wijayanta & Asep Bayu Dani Nandiyanto, 2020. "Ammonia as Effective Hydrogen Storage: A Review on Production, Storage and Utilization," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-25, June.
    10. Nicholas H. Johnson & Barry D. Solomon, 2010. "A Net-Present Value Analysis for a Wind Turbine Purchase at a Small US College," Energies, MDPI, vol. 3(5), pages 1-17, May.
    11. Dornan, Matthew & Jotzo, Frank, 2011. "Electricity Generation in Fiji: Assessing the Impact of Renewable Technologies on Costs and Financial Risk," 2011 Conference (55th), February 8-11, 2011, Melbourne, Australia 100544, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Deger Saygin & Herib Blanco & Francisco Boshell & Joseph Cordonnier & Kevin Rouwenhorst & Priyank Lathwal & Dolf Gielen, 2023. "Ammonia Production from Clean Hydrogen and the Implications for Global Natural Gas Demand," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-28, January.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Sagel, Victor N. & Rouwenhorst, Kevin H.R. & Faria, Jimmy A., 2022. "Green ammonia enables sustainable energy production in small island developing states: A case study on the island of Curaçao," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    2. Zhao, Fei & Li, Yalou & Zhou, Xiaoxin & Wang, Dandan & Wei, Yawei & Li, Fang, 2023. "Co-optimization of decarbonized operation of coal-fired power plants and seasonal storage based on green ammonia co-firing," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 341(C).
    3. Ahmed, Shoaib & Li, Tie & Yi, Ping & Chen, Run, 2023. "Environmental impact assessment of green ammonia-powered very large tanker ship for decarbonized future shipping operations," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).
    4. Nadaleti, Willian Cézar & Cardozo, Emanuélle & Bittencourt Machado, Jones & Maximilla Pereira, Peterson & Costa dos Santos, Maele & Gomes de Souza, Eduarda & Haertel, Paula & Kunde Correa, Erico & Vie, 2023. "Hydrogen and electricity potential generation from rice husks and persiculture biomass in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 216(C).
    5. Egerer, Jonas & Grimm, Veronika & Niazmand, Kiana & Runge, Philipp, 2023. "The economics of global green ammonia trade – “Shipping Australian wind and sunshine to Germany”," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 334(C).
    6. Hookyung Lee & Min-Jung Lee, 2021. "Recent Advances in Ammonia Combustion Technology in Thermal Power Generation System for Carbon Emission Reduction," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-29, September.
    7. Oyewo, Ayobami Solomon & Solomon, A.A. & Bogdanov, Dmitrii & Aghahosseini, Arman & Mensah, Theophilus Nii Odai & Ram, Manish & Breyer, Christian, 2021. "Just transition towards defossilised energy systems for developing economies: A case study of Ethiopia," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 176(C), pages 346-365.
    8. Lim, Dongjun & Lee, Boreum & Lee, Hyunjun & Byun, Manhee & Lim, Hankwon, 2022. "Projected cost analysis of hybrid methanol production from tri-reforming of methane integrated with various water electrolysis systems: Technical and economic assessment," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 155(C).
    9. Wen, Du & Aziz, Muhammad, 2022. "Techno-economic analyses of power-to-ammonia-to-power and biomass-to-ammonia-to-power pathways for carbon neutrality scenario," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 319(C).
    10. Sun, Chongzheng & Fan, Xin & Li, Yuxing & Han, Hui & Zhu, Jianlu & Liu, Liang & Geng, Xiaoyi, 2022. "Research on the offshore adaptability of new offshore ammonia-hydrogen coupling storage and transportation technology," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 201(P1), pages 700-711.
    11. Aghahosseini, Arman & Solomon, A.A. & Breyer, Christian & Pregger, Thomas & Simon, Sonja & Strachan, Peter & Jäger-Waldau, Arnulf, 2023. "Energy system transition pathways to meet the global electricity demand for ambitious climate targets and cost competitiveness," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 331(C).
    12. Qi, Meng & Kim, Minsu & Dat Vo, Nguyen & Yin, Liang & Liu, Yi & Park, Jinwoo & Moon, Il, 2022. "Proposal and surrogate-based cost-optimal design of an innovative green ammonia and electricity co-production system via liquid air energy storage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 314(C).
    13. Blanco, Elena C. & Sánchez, Antonio & Martín, Mariano & Vega, Pastora, 2023. "Methanol and ammonia as emerging green fuels: Evaluation of a new power generation paradigm," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 175(C).
    14. Caldera, Upeksha & Breyer, Christian, 2020. "Strengthening the global water supply through a decarbonised global desalination sector and improved irrigation systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 200(C).
    15. Serguey A. Maximov & Gareth P. Harrison & Daniel Friedrich, 2019. "Long Term Impact of Grid Level Energy Storage on Renewable Energy Penetration and Emissions in the Chilean Electric System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-19, March.
    16. Mengzhu Xiao & Manuel Wetzel & Thomas Pregger & Sonja Simon & Yvonne Scholz, 2020. "Modeling the Supply of Renewable Electricity to Metropolitan Regions in China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-31, June.
    17. Hong, Sanghyun & Kim, Eunsung & Jeong, Saerok, 2023. "Evaluating the sustainability of the hydrogen economy using multi-criteria decision-making analysis in Korea," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C), pages 485-492.
    18. Sara Bellocchi & Michele Manno & Michel Noussan & Michela Vellini, 2019. "Impact of Grid-Scale Electricity Storage and Electric Vehicles on Renewable Energy Penetration: A Case Study for Italy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-32, April.
    19. Lopez, Gabriel & Galimova, Tansu & Fasihi, Mahdi & Bogdanov, Dmitrii & Breyer, Christian, 2023. "Towards defossilised steel: Supply chain options for a green European steel industry," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 273(C).
    20. Zhao, Yongliang & Song, Jian & Liu, Ming & Zhao, Yao & Olympios, Andreas V. & Sapin, Paul & Yan, Junjie & Markides, Christos N., 2022. "Thermo-economic assessments of pumped-thermal electricity storage systems employing sensible heat storage materials," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 186(C), pages 431-456.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:9:p:3374-:d:809200. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.