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Electrodialytic Energy Storage System: Permselectivity, Stack Measurements and Life-Cycle Analysis

Author

Listed:
  • Kjersti Wergeland Krakhella

    (Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
    Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway)

  • Marjorie Morales

    (Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
    INRIA BIOCORE, BP 93, CEDEX 06902 Sophia Antipolis, France)

  • Robert Bock

    (Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway)

  • Frode Seland

    (Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway)

  • Odne Stokke Burheim

    (Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway)

  • Kristian Etienne Einarsrud

    (Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway)

Abstract

Reverse electrodialysis and electrodialysis can be combined into a closed energy storage system, allowing for storing surplus energy through a salinity difference between two solutions. A closed system benefits from simple temperature control, the ability to use higher salt concentrations and mitigation of membrane fouling. In this work, the permselectivity of two membranes from Fumatech, FAS-50 and FKS-50, is found to be ranging from 0.7 to 0.5 and from 0.8 to 0.7 respectively. The maximum unit cell open-circuit voltage was measured to be 115 ± 9 mV and 118 ± 8 mV at 25 ° C and 40 ° C, respectively, and the power density was found to be 1.5 ± 0.2 W m uc − 2 at 25 ° C and 2.0 ± 0.3 W m uc − 2 at 40 ° C. Given a lifetime of 10 years, three hours of operation per day and 3% downtime, the membrane price can be 2.5 ± 0.3 $ m − 2 and 1.4 ± 0.2 $ m − 2 to match the energy price in the EU and the USA, respectively. A life-cycle analysis was conducted for a storage capacity of 1 GWh and 2 h of discharging. The global warming impact is 4.53 · 10 5 kg CO 2 equivalents/MWh and the cumulative energy demand is 1.61 · 10 3 MWh/MWh, which are 30% and 2 times higher than a lithium-ion battery pack with equivalent capacity, respectively. An electrodialytic energy storage system reaches a comparable global warming impact and a lower cumulative energy demand than a lithium-ion battery for an average life span of 20 and 3 years, respectively.

Suggested Citation

  • Kjersti Wergeland Krakhella & Marjorie Morales & Robert Bock & Frode Seland & Odne Stokke Burheim & Kristian Etienne Einarsrud, 2020. "Electrodialytic Energy Storage System: Permselectivity, Stack Measurements and Life-Cycle Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-26, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:5:p:1247-:d:329820
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Kjersti Wergeland Krakhella & Robert Bock & Odne Stokke Burheim & Frode Seland & Kristian Etienne Einarsrud, 2019. "Heat to H 2 : Using Waste Heat for Hydrogen Production through Reverse Electrodialysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(18), pages 1-25, September.
    2. Daniilidis, Alexandros & Vermaas, David A. & Herber, Rien & Nijmeijer, Kitty, 2014. "Experimentally obtainable energy from mixing river water, seawater or brines with reverse electrodialysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 123-131.
    3. Rickard Arvidsson & Anne‐Marie Tillman & Björn A. Sandén & Matty Janssen & Anders Nordelöf & Duncan Kushnir & Sverker Molander, 2018. "Environmental Assessment of Emerging Technologies: Recommendations for Prospective LCA," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 22(6), pages 1286-1294, December.
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    Cited by:

    1. Soo-Jin Han & Jin-Soo Park, 2021. "Understanding Membrane Fouling in Electrically Driven Energy Conversion Devices," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-11, January.
    2. Simon B. B. Solberg & Pauline Zimmermann & Øivind Wilhelmsen & Jacob J. Lamb & Robert Bock & Odne S. Burheim, 2022. "Heat to Hydrogen by Reverse Electrodialysis—Using a Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics Model to Evaluate Hydrogen Production Concepts Utilising Waste Heat," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-22, August.
    3. Robert Bock & Björn Kleinsteinberg & Bjørn Selnes-Volseth & Odne Stokke Burheim, 2021. "A Novel Iron Chloride Red-Ox Concentration Flow Cell Battery (ICFB) Concept; Power and Electrode Optimization," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-12, February.

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