IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v13y2020i12p3112-d372279.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Evaluation of the Effects of Smart Charging Strategies and Frequency Restoration Reserves Market Participation of an Electric Vehicle

Author

Listed:
  • Fabian Rücker

    (Chair of Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Systems, Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives (ISEA), RWTH Aachen, Jägerstr. 17–19, 52066 Aachen, Germany
    Juelich Aachen Research Alliance, JARA-Energy, 52062 Aachen, Germany
    Institute for Power Generation and Storage Systems (PGS), E.ON ERC, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
    Centre d’Innovació Tecnològica en Convertidors Estàtics i Accionaments (CITCEA-UPC), Departament d’Enginyeria Elèctrica, ETS d’Enginyeria Industrial de Barcelona, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Avinguda Diagonal, 647, Pl.2, 08028 Barcelona, Spain)

  • Michael Merten

    (Chair of Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Systems, Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives (ISEA), RWTH Aachen, Jägerstr. 17–19, 52066 Aachen, Germany
    Juelich Aachen Research Alliance, JARA-Energy, 52062 Aachen, Germany
    Institute for Power Generation and Storage Systems (PGS), E.ON ERC, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany)

  • Jingyu Gong

    (Chair of Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Systems, Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives (ISEA), RWTH Aachen, Jägerstr. 17–19, 52066 Aachen, Germany
    Juelich Aachen Research Alliance, JARA-Energy, 52062 Aachen, Germany
    Institute for Power Generation and Storage Systems (PGS), E.ON ERC, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany)

  • Roberto Villafáfila-Robles

    (Centre d’Innovació Tecnològica en Convertidors Estàtics i Accionaments (CITCEA-UPC), Departament d’Enginyeria Elèctrica, ETS d’Enginyeria Industrial de Barcelona, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Avinguda Diagonal, 647, Pl.2, 08028 Barcelona, Spain)

  • Ilka Schoeneberger

    (Chair of Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Systems, Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives (ISEA), RWTH Aachen, Jägerstr. 17–19, 52066 Aachen, Germany
    Juelich Aachen Research Alliance, JARA-Energy, 52062 Aachen, Germany
    Institute for Power Generation and Storage Systems (PGS), E.ON ERC, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany)

  • Dirk Uwe Sauer

    (Chair of Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Systems, Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives (ISEA), RWTH Aachen, Jägerstr. 17–19, 52066 Aachen, Germany
    Juelich Aachen Research Alliance, JARA-Energy, 52062 Aachen, Germany
    Institute for Power Generation and Storage Systems (PGS), E.ON ERC, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
    Ionics in Energy Storage (IEK-12), Helmholtz-Institute Münster (HI MS), 48149 Münster, Germany)

Abstract

The emergence of electric vehicles offers the opportunity to decarbonize the transportation and mobility sector. With smart charging strategies and the use of electricity generated from renewable sources, electric vehicle owners can reduce their electricity bill as well as reduce their carbon footprint. We investigated smart charging strategies for electric vehicle charging at household and workplace sites with photovoltaic systems. Furthermore, we investigated the participation of an electric vehicle in the provision of positive automatic frequency restoration reserve (aFRR) in Germany from 30 October 2018 to 31 July 2019. We find that the provision of positive aFRR in Germany returns a positive net return. The positive net return is, however, not sufficient to cover the current investment cost for a necessary control unit. For home charging, we find that self-sufficiency rates of up to 48.1% and an electricity cost reduction of 17.6% for one year can be reached with unidirectional smart charging strategies. With bidirectional strategies, self-sufficiency rates of up to 56.7% for home charging and electricity cost reductions of up to 26.1% are reached. We also find that electric vehicle (EV) owners who can charge at their workplace can reduce their electricity cost further. The impact of smart charging strategies on battery aging is also discussed.

Suggested Citation

  • Fabian Rücker & Michael Merten & Jingyu Gong & Roberto Villafáfila-Robles & Ilka Schoeneberger & Dirk Uwe Sauer, 2020. "Evaluation of the Effects of Smart Charging Strategies and Frequency Restoration Reserves Market Participation of an Electric Vehicle," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-31, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:12:p:3112-:d:372279
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/12/3112/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/12/3112/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Angenendt, Georg & Merten, Michael & Zurmühlen, Sebastian & Sauer, Dirk Uwe, 2020. "Evaluation of the effects of frequency restoration reserves market participation with photovoltaic battery energy storage systems and power-to-heat coupling," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    2. Merten, Michael & Rücker, Fabian & Schoeneberger, Ilka & Sauer, Dirk Uwe, 2020. "Automatic frequency restoration reserve market prediction: Methodology and comparison of various approaches," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 268(C).
    3. Jargstorf, Johannes & Wickert, Manuel, 2013. "Offer of secondary reserve with a pool of electric vehicles on the German market," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 185-195.
    4. Merten, Michael & Olk, Christopher & Schoeneberger, Ilka & Sauer, Dirk Uwe, 2020. "Bidding strategy for battery storage systems in the secondary control reserve market," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 268(C).
    5. Litjens, G.B.M.A. & Worrell, E. & van Sark, W.G.J.H.M., 2018. "Economic benefits of combining self-consumption enhancement with frequency restoration reserves provision by photovoltaic-battery systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 223(C), pages 172-187.
    6. Schram, Wouter L. & Lampropoulos, Ioannis & van Sark, Wilfried G.J.H.M., 2018. "Photovoltaic systems coupled with batteries that are optimally sized for household self-consumption: Assessment of peak shaving potential," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 223(C), pages 69-81.
    7. Angenendt, Georg & Zurmühlen, Sebastian & Axelsen, Hendrik & Sauer, Dirk Uwe, 2018. "Comparison of different operation strategies for PV battery home storage systems including forecast-based operation strategies," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 229(C), pages 884-899.
    8. Stefan Englberger & Holger Hesse & Daniel Kucevic & Andreas Jossen, 2019. "A Techno-Economic Analysis of Vehicle-to-Building: Battery Degradation and Efficiency Analysis in the Context of Coordinated Electric Vehicle Charging," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-17, March.
    9. Barzegkar-Ntovom, Georgios A. & Chatzigeorgiou, Nikolas G. & Nousdilis, Angelos I. & Vomva, Styliani A. & Kryonidis, Georgios C. & Kontis, Eleftherios O. & Georghiou, George E. & Christoforidis, Georg, 2020. "Assessing the viability of battery energy storage systems coupled with photovoltaics under a pure self-consumption scheme," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 1302-1309.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Jian Chen & Fangyi Li & Ranran Yang & Dawei Ma, 2020. "Impacts of Increasing Private Charging Piles on Electric Vehicles’ Charging Profiles: A Case Study in Hefei City, China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-17, August.
    2. António Sérgio Faria & Tiago Soares & Tiago Sousa & Manuel A. Matos, 2020. "Participation of an EV Aggregator in the Reserve Market through Chance-Constrained Optimization," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-12, August.
    3. Peter Tauš & Marcela Taušová & Peter Sivák & Mária Shejbalová Muchová & Eva Mihaliková, 2020. "Parameter Optimization Model Photovoltaic Battery System for Charging Electric Cars," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-17, September.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Angenendt, Georg & Merten, Michael & Zurmühlen, Sebastian & Sauer, Dirk Uwe, 2020. "Evaluation of the effects of frequency restoration reserves market participation with photovoltaic battery energy storage systems and power-to-heat coupling," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    2. Angenendt, Georg & Zurmühlen, Sebastian & Figgener, Jan & Kairies, Kai-Philipp & Sauer, Dirk Uwe, 2020. "Providing frequency control reserve with photovoltaic battery energy storage systems and power-to-heat coupling," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C).
    3. Nitsch, Felix & Deissenroth-Uhrig, Marc & Schimeczek, Christoph & Bertsch, Valentin, 2021. "Economic evaluation of battery storage systems bidding on day-ahead and automatic frequency restoration reserves markets," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 298(C).
    4. Parra, David & Patel, Martin K., 2019. "The nature of combining energy storage applications for residential battery technology," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(C), pages 1343-1355.
    5. Yazhou Zhao & Xiangxi Qin & Xiangyu Shi, 2022. "A Comprehensive Evaluation Model on Optimal Operational Schedules for Battery Energy Storage System by Maximizing Self-Consumption Strategy and Genetic Algorithm," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-34, July.
    6. Zhou, Hou Sheng & Passey, Rob & Bruce, Anna & Sproul, Alistair B., 2021. "A case study on the behaviour of residential battery energy storage systems during network demand peaks," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 712-724.
    7. Kuttner, Leopold, 2022. "Integrated scheduling and bidding of power and reserve of energy resource aggregators with storage plants," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 321(C).
    8. Kristina Pandžić & Ivan Pavić & Ivan Andročec & Hrvoje Pandžić, 2020. "Optimal Battery Storage Participation in European Energy and Reserves Markets," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-21, December.
    9. Reimuth, Andrea & Prasch, Monika & Locherer, Veronika & Danner, Martin & Mauser, Wolfram, 2019. "Influence of different battery charging strategies on residual grid power flows and self-consumption rates at regional scale," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(C), pages 572-581.
    10. Jose M. Vindel & Estrella Trincado & Antonio Sánchez-Bayón, 2021. "European Union Green Deal and the Opportunity Cost of Wastewater Treatment Projects," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-18, April.
    11. Ma, Tao & Zhang, Yijie & Gu, Wenbo & Xiao, Gang & Yang, Hongxing & Wang, Shuxiao, 2022. "Strategy comparison and techno-economic evaluation of a grid-connected photovoltaic-battery system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 197(C), pages 1049-1060.
    12. Juha Koskela & Antti Mutanen & Pertti Järventausta, 2020. "Using Load Forecasting to Control Domestic Battery Energy Storage Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-20, August.
    13. Rücker, Fabian & Schoeneberger, Ilka & Wilmschen, Till & Sperling, Dustin & Haberschusz, David & Figgener, Jan & Sauer, Dirk Uwe, 2022. "Self-sufficiency and charger constraints of prosumer households with vehicle-to-home strategies," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 317(C).
    14. Qusay Hassan & Bartosz Pawela & Ali Hasan & Marek Jaszczur, 2022. "Optimization of Large-Scale Battery Storage Capacity in Conjunction with Photovoltaic Systems for Maximum Self-Sustainability," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-21, May.
    15. Poplavskaya, Ksenia & Lago, Jesus & de Vries, Laurens, 2020. "Effect of market design on strategic bidding behavior: Model-based analysis of European electricity balancing markets," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 270(C).
    16. Zou, Wenke & Sun, Yongjun & Gao, Dian-ce & Zhang, Xu & Liu, Junyao, 2023. "A review on integration of surging plug-in electric vehicles charging in energy-flexible buildings: Impacts analysis, collaborative management technologies, and future perspective," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 331(C).
    17. Roberts, Mike B. & Bruce, Anna & MacGill, Iain, 2019. "Impact of shared battery energy storage systems on photovoltaic self-consumption and electricity bills in apartment buildings," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 245(C), pages 78-95.
    18. Maaike Braat & Odysseas Tsafarakis & Ioannis Lampropoulos & Joris Besseling & Wilfried G. J. H. M. van Sark, 2021. "Cost-Effective Increase of Photovoltaic Electricity Feed-In on Congested Transmission Lines: A Case Study of The Netherlands," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-21, May.
    19. Aniello, Gianmarco & Bertsch, Valentin, 2023. "Shaping the energy transition in the residential sector: Regulatory incentives for aligning household and system perspectives," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 333(C).
    20. Zou, Bin & Peng, Jinqing & Li, Sihui & Li, Yi & Yan, Jinyue & Yang, Hongxing, 2022. "Comparative study of the dynamic programming-based and rule-based operation strategies for grid-connected PV-battery systems of office buildings," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 305(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:12:p:3112-:d:372279. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.