IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v10y2017i5p587-d96694.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Green and Sustainable Cellular Base Stations: An Overview and Future Research Directions

Author

Listed:
  • Mohammed H. Alsharif

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea)

  • Jeong Kim

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea)

  • Jin Hong Kim

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea)

Abstract

Energy efficiency and renewable energy are the main pillars of sustainability and environmental compatibility. This study presents an overview of sustainable and green cellular base stations (BSs), which account for most of the energy consumed in cellular networks. We review the architecture of the BS and the power consumption model, and then summarize the trends in green cellular network research over the past decade. As its major contribution, this study highlights the uses of renewable energy in cellular communication by: (i) investigating the system model and the potential of renewable energy solutions for cellular BSs; (ii) identifying the potential geographical locations for renewable-energy-powered BSs; (iii) performing case studies on renewable-energy-powered cellular BSs and suggesting future research directions based on our findings; (iv) examining the present deployment of sustainable and green BSs; and (v) studying the barriers that prevent the widespread use of renewable-energy-powered BSs and providing recommendations for future work.

Suggested Citation

  • Mohammed H. Alsharif & Jeong Kim & Jin Hong Kim, 2017. "Green and Sustainable Cellular Base Stations: An Overview and Future Research Directions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-27, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:10:y:2017:i:5:p:587-:d:96694
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/10/5/587/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/10/5/587/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Asma Mohamad Aris & Bahman Shabani, 2015. "Sustainable Power Supply Solutions for Off-Grid Base Stations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(10), pages 1-38, September.
    2. Kusakana, Kanzumba & Vermaak, Herman Jacobus, 2013. "Hybrid renewable power systems for mobile telephony base stations in developing countries," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 419-425.
    3. Margaret Amutha, W. & Rajini, V., 2015. "Techno-economic evaluation of various hybrid power systems for rural telecom," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 553-561.
    4. Vincent Anayochukwu Ani, 2014. "Optimal Operational Strategy for PV/Wind-Diesel Hybrid Power Generation System with Energy Storage," International Journal of Energy Optimization and Engineering (IJEOE), IGI Global, vol. 3(1), pages 101-120, January.
    5. Borhanazad, H. & Mekhilef, S. & Saidur, R. & Boroumandjazi, G., 2013. "Potential application of renewable energy for rural electrification in Malaysia," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 210-219.
    6. Mohammed H. Alsharif & Jeong Kim, 2016. "Hybrid Off-Grid SPV/WTG Power System for Remote Cellular Base Stations Towards Green and Sustainable Cellular Networks in South Korea," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(1), pages 1-23, December.
    7. Nema, Pragya & Nema, R.K. & Rangnekar, Saroj, 2010. "Minimization of green house gases emission by using hybrid energy system for telephony base station site application," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 14(6), pages 1635-1639, August.
    8. Abdullah, M.O. & Yung, V.C. & Anyi, M. & Othman, A.K. & Ab. Hamid, K.B. & Tarawe, J., 2010. "Review and comparison study of hybrid diesel/solar/hydro/fuel cell energy schemes for a rural ICT Telecenter," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(2), pages 639-646.
    9. Kaldellis, J.K., 2010. "Optimum hybrid photovoltaic-based solution for remote telecommunication stations," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(10), pages 2307-2315.
    10. Senkal, Ozan & Kuleli, Tuncay, 2009. "Estimation of solar radiation over Turkey using artificial neural network and satellite data," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 86(7-8), pages 1222-1228, July.
    11. Ellabban, Omar & Abu-Rub, Haitham & Blaabjerg, Frede, 2014. "Renewable energy resources: Current status, future prospects and their enabling technology," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 39(C), pages 748-764.
    12. Mohammed H. Alsharif & Jeong Kim, 2016. "Optimal Solar Power System for Remote Telecommunication Base Stations: A Case Study Based on the Characteristics of South Korea’s Solar Radiation Exposure," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(9), pages 1-21, September.
    13. Alsharif, Mohammed H. & Nordin, Rosdiadee & Ismail, Mahamod, 2016. "Green wireless network optimisation strategies within smart grid environments for Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular networks in Malaysia," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 157-170.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Seung Hyun Jeon & Joohyung Lee & Hong-Shik Park, 2018. "A Stackelberg Game Approach for Energy Outage-Aware Power Distribution of an Off-Grid Base Station over Multiple Retailers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-13, March.
    2. Khondoker Ziaul Islam & Md. Sanwar Hossain & B. M. Ruhul Amin & G. M. Shafiullah & Ferdous Sohel, 2022. "Renewable Energy-Based Energy-Efficient Off-Grid Base Stations for Heterogeneous Network," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-33, December.
    3. Mohammed W. Baidas & Rola W. Hasaneya & Rashad M. Kamel & Sultan Sh. Alanzi, 2021. "Solar-Powered Cellular Base Stations in Kuwait: A Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-26, November.
    4. Mohammed H. Alsharif & Jeong Kim & Jin Hong Kim, 2018. "Energy Optimization Strategies for Eco-Friendly Cellular Base Stations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-22, June.
    5. Mohammed H. Alsharif & Jeong Kim & Jin Hong Kim, 2018. "Opportunities and Challenges of Solar and Wind Energy in South Korea: A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(6), pages 1-23, June.
    6. Siow Chun Lim & Tong Jia Meng & Chinnasamy Palanichamy & Gan Tian Eng, 2019. "Feasibility Study of Wind Energy Harvesting at TELCO Tower in Malaysia," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 9(6), pages 277-282.
    7. Mahshid Javidsharifi & Hamoun Pourroshanfekr & Tamas Kerekes & Dezso Sera & Sergiu Spataru & Josep M. Guerrero, 2021. "Optimum Sizing of Photovoltaic and Energy Storage Systems for Powering Green Base Stations in Cellular Networks," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-21, March.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Mohammed H. Alsharif & Jeong Kim, 2016. "Hybrid Off-Grid SPV/WTG Power System for Remote Cellular Base Stations Towards Green and Sustainable Cellular Networks in South Korea," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(1), pages 1-23, December.
    2. Mohammed H. Alsharif & Jeong Kim, 2016. "Optimal Solar Power System for Remote Telecommunication Base Stations: A Case Study Based on the Characteristics of South Korea’s Solar Radiation Exposure," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(9), pages 1-21, September.
    3. Mohammed H. Alsharif & Jeong Kim & Jin Hong Kim, 2018. "Opportunities and Challenges of Solar and Wind Energy in South Korea: A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(6), pages 1-23, June.
    4. Mohammed H. Alsharif, 2017. "Techno-Economic Evaluation of a Stand-Alone Power System Based on Solar Power/Batteries for Global System for Mobile Communications Base Stations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-20, March.
    5. Mohammed H. Alsharif, 2017. "Comparative Analysis of Solar-Powered Base Stations for Green Mobile Networks," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-25, August.
    6. Mohammed H. Alsharif, 2017. "A Solar Energy Solution for Sustainable Third Generation Mobile Networks," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-17, March.
    7. Banjo A. Aderemi & S. P. Daniel Chowdhury & Thomas O. Olwal & Adnan M. Abu-Mahfouz, 2018. "Techno-Economic Feasibility of Hybrid Solar Photovoltaic and Battery Energy Storage Power System for a Mobile Cellular Base Station in Soshanguve, South Africa," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-26, June.
    8. Mohammed H. Alsharif & Jeong Kim & Jin Hong Kim, 2018. "Energy Optimization Strategies for Eco-Friendly Cellular Base Stations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-22, June.
    9. Md. Sanwar Hossain & Abu Jahid & Khondoker Ziaul Islam & Mohammed H. Alsharif & Md. Fayzur Rahman, 2020. "Multi-Objective Optimum Design of Hybrid Renewable Energy System for Sustainable Energy Supply to a Green Cellular Networks," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-35, April.
    10. Mandelli, Stefano & Barbieri, Jacopo & Mereu, Riccardo & Colombo, Emanuela, 2016. "Off-grid systems for rural electrification in developing countries: Definitions, classification and a comprehensive literature review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 1621-1646.
    11. Niranjan Rao Deevela & Bhim Singh & Tara C. Kandpal, 2021. "Techno-economics of solar PV array-based hybrid systems for powering telecom towers," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(11), pages 17003-17029, November.
    12. Mohammed W. Baidas & Rola W. Hasaneya & Rashad M. Kamel & Sultan Sh. Alanzi, 2021. "Solar-Powered Cellular Base Stations in Kuwait: A Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-26, November.
    13. Alsharif, Mohammed H. & Nordin, Rosdiadee & Ismail, Mahamod, 2016. "Green wireless network optimisation strategies within smart grid environments for Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular networks in Malaysia," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 157-170.
    14. Mohammed W. Baidas & Mastoura F. Almusailem & Rashad M. Kamel & Sultan Sh. Alanzi, 2022. "Renewable-Energy-Powered Cellular Base-Stations in Kuwait’s Rural Areas," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-29, March.
    15. Cordiner, S. & Mulone, V. & Giordani, A. & Savino, M. & Tomarchio, G. & Malkow, T. & Tsotridis, G. & Pilenga, A. & Karlsen, M.L. & Jensen, J., 2017. "Fuel cell based Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems for off-grid telecom stations: Data analysis from on field demonstration tests," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 192(C), pages 508-518.
    16. Mohammed H. Alsharif & Rosdiadee Nordin & Mahamod Ismail, 2016. "Intelligent cooperation management among solar powered base stations towards a green cellular network in a country with an equatorial climate," Telecommunication Systems: Modelling, Analysis, Design and Management, Springer, vol. 62(1), pages 179-198, May.
    17. Yilmaz, Saban & Dincer, Furkan, 2017. "Optimal design of hybrid PV-Diesel-Battery systems for isolated lands: A case study for Kilis, Turkey," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 344-352.
    18. Siddaiah, Rajanna & Saini, R.P., 2016. "A review on planning, configurations, modeling and optimization techniques of hybrid renewable energy systems for off grid applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 376-396.
    19. Zeljković, Čedomir & Mršić, Predrag & Erceg, Bojan & Lekić, Đorđe & Kitić, Nemanja & Matić, Petar, 2022. "Optimal sizing of photovoltaic-wind-diesel-battery power supply for mobile telephony base stations," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 242(C).
    20. Bartolucci, Lorenzo & Cordiner, Stefano & Mulone, Vincenzo & Pasquale, Stefano, 2019. "Fuel cell based hybrid renewable energy systems for off-grid telecom stations: Data analysis and system optimization," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 252(C), pages 1-1.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:10:y:2017:i:5:p:587-:d:96694. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.