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Dynamic Cluster Analysis of Educated and Smart Society Development in European Union Countries

Author

Listed:
  • Malgorzata Markowska
  • Danuta Strahl
  • Andrzej Sokolowski

Abstract

Purpose: The aim of the paper is to analyze the educational and smart society development process in the European Union countries, in 2003-2017. Design/Methodology/Approach: 17 variables have been used for the multivariate analysis of the problem. Multiple regression was the main method for missing data imputation. The number of clusters was identified in dendrogram of Ward’s agglomerative clustering method, and final partition obtained by k-means method. Composite Index of Educational and Smart Development has been proposed to measure the general level of each cluster. Findings: Five cluster have been identified and characterized. Their dynamic geographical composition changed over time with a tendency for many countries to move toward higher level clusters. Practical Implications: It seems that educational part of Europe 2020 Strategy works rather well for most of the EU countries Originality/Value: The choice of variables is always somehow subjective. Dynamic cluster analysis seems to be promising approach in identifying changes in both level and structure. The new measure for cluster stability has been proposed in the paper.

Suggested Citation

  • Malgorzata Markowska & Danuta Strahl & Andrzej Sokolowski, 2021. "Dynamic Cluster Analysis of Educated and Smart Society Development in European Union Countries," European Research Studies Journal, European Research Studies Journal, vol. 0(Special 4), pages 52-64.
    • Handle: RePEc:ers:journl:v:xxiv:y:2021:i:special4:p:52-64
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. V.I. Rodionova & L.A. Shvachkina & V.A. Ivashova, 2018. "Social Correlation of Professional Educational Services and Labor Market as a Vector of Successful Social and Economic Development," European Research Studies Journal, European Research Studies Journal, vol. 0(Special 2), pages 285-293.
    2. Magdalena M. Stuss & Katarzyna Szczepańska-Woszczyna & Zbigniew J. Makieła, 2019. "Competences of Graduates of Higher Education Business Studies in Labor Market I (Results of Pilot Cross-Border Research Project in Poland and Slovakia)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(18), pages 1-19, September.
    3. Gary S. Becker, 1962. "Investment in Human Capital: A Theoretical Analysis," NBER Chapters, in: Investment in Human Beings, pages 9-49, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    4. Akira Shimada, 2019. "Should the Government Promote Global Education?," European Research Studies Journal, European Research Studies Journal, vol. 0(2), pages 323-341.
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    Cited by:

    1. Malgorzata Markowska & Andrzej Sokolowski & Danuta Strahl, 2021. "Flexible Multidimensional Scaling for Human Smart Development Analysis in EU Countries," European Research Studies Journal, European Research Studies Journal, vol. 0(Special 4), pages 435-445.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Smart development; European Union; cluster analysis; composite index; cluster stability.;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C38 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Classification Methdos; Cluster Analysis; Principal Components; Factor Analysis
    • I21 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Analysis of Education
    • O52 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economywide Country Studies - - - Europe
    • O57 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economywide Country Studies - - - Comparative Studies of Countries

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