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The characteristics and performance of hybrid redox flow batteries with zinc negative electrodes for energy storage

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  • Arenas, Luis F.
  • Loh, Adeline
  • Trudgeon, David P.
  • Li, Xiaohong
  • Ponce de León, Carlos
  • Walsh, Frank C.

Abstract

Zinc negative electrodes are well known in primary batteries based on the classical Leclanché cell but a more recent development is the introduction of a number of rechargeable redox flow batteries for pilot and commercial scale using a zinc/zinc ion redox couple, in acid or alkaline electrolytes, or transformation of surface zinc oxides as a reversible electrode. The benefits and limitations of zinc negative electrodes are outlined with examples to discuss their thermodynamic and kinetic characteristics along with their practical aspects. Four main types of redox flow batteries employing zinc electrodes are considered: zinc-bromine, zinc-cerium, zinc-air and zinc-nickel. Problems associated with zinc deposition and dissolution, especially in acid media, are summarized. The main features of each battery are identified and the benefits of a flowing electrolyte are explained. In each case, a summary of their development, the electrode and cell reactions, their potentials, the performance of the positive and negative electrodes, the advantages of a single flow compartment and cell developments for energy storage are included. Remaining challenges are highlighted and possibilities for future advances in redox flow batteries are suggested.

Suggested Citation

  • Arenas, Luis F. & Loh, Adeline & Trudgeon, David P. & Li, Xiaohong & Ponce de León, Carlos & Walsh, Frank C., 2018. "The characteristics and performance of hybrid redox flow batteries with zinc negative electrodes for energy storage," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 992-1016.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:90:y:2018:i:c:p:992-1016
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.016
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    2. Xu, Zhicheng & Fan, Qi & Li, Yang & Wang, Jun & Lund, Peter D., 2020. "Review of zinc dendrite formation in zinc bromine redox flow battery," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 127(C).
    3. Thangavel Sangeetha & Po-Tuan Chen & Wu-Fu Cheng & Wei-Mon Yan & K. David Huang, 2019. "Optimization of the Electrolyte Parameters and Components in Zinc Particle Fuel Cells," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-13, March.
    4. Igor Iwakiri & Tiago Antunes & Helena Almeida & João P. Sousa & Rita Bacelar Figueira & Adélio Mendes, 2021. "Redox Flow Batteries: Materials, Design and Prospects," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-45, September.
    5. Argyrou, Maria C. & Christodoulides, Paul & Kalogirou, Soteris A., 2018. "Energy storage for electricity generation and related processes: Technologies appraisal and grid scale applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 804-821.

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