IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/rensus/v82y2018ip3p3762-3797.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Heterogeneous sulfur-free hydrodeoxygenation catalysts for selectively upgrading the renewable bio-oils to second generation biofuels

Author

Listed:
  • Li, Xin
  • Luo, Xingyi
  • Jin, Yangbin
  • Li, Jinyan
  • Zhang, Hongdan
  • Zhang, Aiping
  • Xie, Jun

Abstract

Biodiesel as a substitute of traditional petroleum-derived liquid fuels has been put into use in recent years. However, the first generation biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters) with high oxygen content is inconvenient for large-scale use due to its incompatible nature with fossil fuels. As a result, green biodiesel (the second generation biofuel) prepared from catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of the first generation biodiesel has been gradually developed. The biodiesel after deoxygenation which has a great number of advantages is similar to petroleum fuel in composition, so it can be employed directly in fuel industry. To obtain the expected products, accessible production processes and suitable catalyst systems are needed. In this review, we first make an analysis on the pathways and processes of deoxygenation reactions including hydrodeoxygenation, decarboxylation and decarbonylation. Selectivity to reaction pathways has a close relationship with raw materials, catalysts or reaction conditions. The special goal of this review is to highlight the advances in the heterogeneous sulfur-free catalysts used for deoxygenation, including the sulfur-free noble metals, non-noble metals, metal phosphides, metal carbides and metal nitrides. We thoroughly discussed the different performances of these developed catalysts in the deoxygenation reactions, such as activity, selectivity and stability. Fundamental mechanisms over sulfur-free catalysts, including experimental comparison of different active phases and calculations by Density Function Theory (DFT), were also addressed. This review also involved effects of different support materials, composition, structure optimization, water and H2 pressure on the HDO activity and silectivity, and detailed information about catalyst deactivation. It is expected that this review can provide some new design and modification strategies for fabricating highly active,selective and durable earth-abundant HDO catalysts for the substainable production of green bio-diesel.

Suggested Citation

  • Li, Xin & Luo, Xingyi & Jin, Yangbin & Li, Jinyan & Zhang, Hongdan & Zhang, Aiping & Xie, Jun, 2018. "Heterogeneous sulfur-free hydrodeoxygenation catalysts for selectively upgrading the renewable bio-oils to second generation biofuels," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 3762-3797.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:82:y:2018:i:p3:p:3762-3797
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.091
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032117314557
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.091?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Su, Yujie & Song, Kaihui & Zhang, Peidong & Su, Yuqing & Cheng, Jing & Chen, Xiao, 2017. "Progress of microalgae biofuel’s commercialization," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 402-411.
    2. Tsoutsos, T.D. & Tournaki, S. & Paraíba, O. & Kaminaris, S.D., 2016. "The Used Cooking Oil-to-biodiesel chain in Europe assessment of best practices and environmental performance," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 74-83.
    3. Karmee, Sanjib Kumar, 2016. "Liquid biofuels from food waste: Current trends, prospect and limitation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 945-953.
    4. da Costa Evangelista, João Paulo & Gondim, Amanda Duarte & Souza, Luiz Di & Araujo, Antonio Souza, 2016. "Alumina-supported potassium compounds as heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 887-894.
    5. Xu, Xiwei & Jiang, Enchen & Du, Yanhong & Li, Bosong, 2016. "BTX from the gas-phase hydrodeoxygenation and transmethylation of guaiacol at room pressure," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 96(PA), pages 458-468.
    6. Mohammad, Masita & Kandaramath Hari, Thushara & Yaakob, Zahira & Chandra Sharma, Yogesh & Sopian, Kamaruzzaman, 2013. "Overview on the production of paraffin based-biofuels via catalytic hydrodeoxygenation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 22(C), pages 121-132.
    7. Cao, Yang & Zhou, Houbo & Li, Jin, 2016. "Preparation of a supported acidic ionic liquid on silica-gel and its application to the synthesis of biodiesel from waste cooking oil," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 871-875.
    8. Hermida, Lilis & Abdullah, Ahmad Zuhairi & Mohamed, Abdul Rahman, 2015. "Deoxygenation of fatty acid to produce diesel-like hydrocarbons: A review of process conditions, reaction kinetics and mechanism," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 1223-1233.
    9. kumar, Mukesh & Sharma, Mahendra Pal, 2016. "Selection of potential oils for biodiesel production," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 1129-1138.
    10. Abomohra, Abd El-Fatah & Jin, Wenbiao & Tu, Renjie & Han, Song-Fang & Eid, Mohammed & Eladel, Hamed, 2016. "Microalgal biomass production as a sustainable feedstock for biodiesel: Current status and perspectives," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 596-606.
    11. Naik, S.N. & Goud, Vaibhav V. & Rout, Prasant K. & Dalai, Ajay K., 2010. "Production of first and second generation biofuels: A comprehensive review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 14(2), pages 578-597, February.
    12. Kumar, Kanhaiya & Ghosh, Supratim & Angelidaki, Irini & Holdt, Susan L. & Karakashev, Dimitar B. & Morales, Merlin Alvarado & Das, Debabrata, 2016. "Recent developments on biofuels production from microalgae and macroalgae," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 235-249.
    13. Jacobson, Kathlene & Maheria, Kalpana C. & Kumar Dalai, Ajay, 2013. "Bio-oil valorization: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 23(C), pages 91-106.
    14. Bhuiya, M.M.K. & Rasul, M.G. & Khan, M.M.K. & Ashwath, N. & Azad, A.K. & Hazrat, M.A., 2016. "Prospects of 2nd generation biodiesel as a sustainable fuel – Part 2: Properties, performance and emission characteristics," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 1129-1146.
    15. Asadieraghi, Masoud & Wan Daud, Wan Mohd Ashri & Abbas, Hazzim F., 2014. "Model compound approach to design process and select catalysts for in-situ bio-oil upgrading," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 286-303.
    16. Sharma, Yogesh Chandra & Singh, Veena, 2017. "Microalgal biodiesel: A possible solution for India’s energy security," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 72-88.
    17. Patel, Madhumita & Kumar, Amit, 2016. "Production of renewable diesel through the hydroprocessing of lignocellulosic biomass-derived bio-oil: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 1293-1307.
    18. Marinković, Dalibor M. & Stanković, Miroslav V. & Veličković, Ana V. & Avramović, Jelena M. & Miladinović, Marija R. & Stamenković, Olivera O. & Veljković, Vlada B. & Jovanović, Dušan M., 2016. "Calcium oxide as a promising heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production: Current state and perspectives," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 1387-1408.
    19. Hajjari, Masoumeh & Tabatabaei, Meisam & Aghbashlo, Mortaza & Ghanavati, Hossein, 2017. "A review on the prospects of sustainable biodiesel production: A global scenario with an emphasis on waste-oil biodiesel utilization," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 445-464.
    20. Chen, Huihui & Zhou, Dong & Luo, Gang & Zhang, Shicheng & Chen, Jianmin, 2015. "Macroalgae for biofuels production: Progress and perspectives," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 427-437.
    21. Zhang, Le & Liu, Ronghou & Yin, Renzhan & Mei, Yuanfei, 2013. "Upgrading of bio-oil from biomass fast pyrolysis in China: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 24(C), pages 66-72.
    22. Arun, Naveenji & Sharma, Rajesh V. & Dalai, Ajay K., 2015. "Green diesel synthesis by hydrodeoxygenation of bio-based feedstocks: Strategies for catalyst design and development," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 240-255.
    23. Verma, Puneet & Sharma, M.P., 2016. "Review of process parameters for biodiesel production from different feedstocks," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 1063-1071.
    24. Scaife, Mark A. & Merkx-Jacques, Alexandra & Woodhall, David L. & Armenta, Roberto E., 2015. "Algal biofuels in Canada: Status and potential," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 620-642.
    25. Azad, A.K. & Rasul, M.G. & Khan, M.M.K. & Sharma, Subhash C. & Mofijur, M. & Bhuiya, M.M.K., 2016. "Prospects, feedstocks and challenges of biodiesel production from beauty leaf oil and castor oil: A nonedible oil sources in Australia," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 302-318.
    26. Banković–Ilić, Ivana B. & Miladinović, Marija R. & Stamenković, Olivera S. & Veljković, Vlada B., 2017. "Application of nano CaO–based catalysts in biodiesel synthesis," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 746-760.
    27. Li, Xiangping & Chen, Guanyi & Liu, Caixia & Ma, Wenchao & Yan, Beibei & Zhang, Jianguang, 2017. "Hydrodeoxygenation of lignin-derived bio-oil using molecular sieves supported metal catalysts: A critical review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 296-308.
    28. Correa, Diego F. & Beyer, Hawthorne L. & Possingham, Hugh P. & Thomas-Hall, Skye R. & Schenk, Peer M., 2017. "Biodiversity impacts of bioenergy production: Microalgae vs. first generation biofuels," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 1131-1146.
    29. Saber, Mohammad & Nakhshiniev, Bakhtiyor & Yoshikawa, Kunio, 2016. "A review of production and upgrading of algal bio-oil," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 918-930.
    30. Chung, Young-Soo & Lee, Jin-Woo & Chung, Chung-Han, 2017. "Molecular challenges in microalgae towards cost-effective production of quality biodiesel," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 139-144.
    31. Demirbas, Ayhan, 2011. "Competitive liquid biofuels from biomass," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(1), pages 17-28, January.
    32. Adewale, Peter & Dumont, Marie-Josée & Ngadi, Michael, 2015. "Recent trends of biodiesel production from animal fat wastes and associated production techniques," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 574-588.
    33. Baskar, G. & Aiswarya, R., 2016. "Trends in catalytic production of biodiesel from various feedstocks," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 496-504.
    34. Suganya, T. & Varman, M. & Masjuki, H.H. & Renganathan, S., 2016. "Macroalgae and microalgae as a potential source for commercial applications along with biofuels production: A biorefinery approach," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 909-941.
    35. Bhuiya, M.M.K. & Rasul, M.G. & Khan, M.M.K. & Ashwath, N. & Azad, A.K., 2016. "Prospects of 2nd generation biodiesel as a sustainable fuel—Part: 1 selection of feedstocks, oil extraction techniques and conversion technologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 1109-1128.
    36. Abdullah, Sharifah Hanis Yasmin Sayid & Hanapi, Nur Hanis Mohamad & Azid, Azman & Umar, Roslan & Juahir, Hafizan & Khatoon, Helena & Endut, Azizah, 2017. "A review of biomass-derived heterogeneous catalyst for a sustainable biodiesel production," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 1040-1051.
    37. Avhad, M.R. & Marchetti, J.M., 2015. "A review on recent advancement in catalytic materials for biodiesel production," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 696-718.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Omojola Awogbemi & Daramy Vandi Von Kallon & Emmanuel Idoko Onuh & Victor Sunday Aigbodion, 2021. "An Overview of the Classification, Production and Utilization of Biofuels for Internal Combustion Engine Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-43, September.
    2. Long, Feng & Liu, Weiguo & Jiang, Xia & Zhai, Qiaolong & Cao, Xincheng & Jiang, Jianchun & Xu, Junming, 2021. "State-of-the-art technologies for biofuel production from triglycerides: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 148(C).
    3. Why, Elaine Siew Kuan & Ong, Hwai Chyuan & Lee, Hwei Voon & Chen, Wei-Hsin & Asikin-Mijan, N. & Varman, Mahendra & Loh, Wen Jing, 2022. "Single-step catalytic deoxygenation of palm feedstocks for the production of sustainable bio-jet fuel," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PB).
    4. Giuseppe Di Vito Nolfi & Katia Gallucci & Leucio Rossi, 2021. "Green Diesel Production by Catalytic Hydrodeoxygenation of Vegetables Oils," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(24), pages 1-28, December.
    5. Tsiotsias, Anastasios I. & Hafeez, Sanaa & Charisiou, Nikolaos D. & Al-Salem, Sultan M. & Manos, George & Constantinou, Achilleas & AlKhoori, Sara & Sebastian, Victor & Hinder, Steven J. & Baker, Mark, 2023. "Selective catalytic deoxygenation of palm oil to produce green diesel over Ni catalysts supported on ZrO2 and CeO2–ZrO2: Experimental and process simulation modelling studies," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 582-596.
    6. Ooi, Xian Yih & Gao, Wei & Ong, Hwai Chyuan & Lee, Hwei Voon & Juan, Joon Ching & Chen, Wei Hsin & Lee, Keat Teong, 2019. "Overview on catalytic deoxygenation for biofuel synthesis using metal oxide supported catalysts," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 834-852.
    7. Li, Xingyong & Wu, Yankun & Wang, Qi & Li, Shuirong & Ye, Yueyuan & Wang, Dechao & Zheng, Zhifeng, 2022. "Effect of preparation method of NiMo/γ-Al2O3 on the FAME hydrotreatment to produce C15–C18 alkanes," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 193(C), pages 1-12.
    8. Papageridis, Kyriakos N. & Charisiou, Nikolaos D. & Douvartzides, Savvas & Sebastian, Victor & Hinder, Steven J. & Baker, Mark A. & AlKhoori, Sara & Polychronopoulou, Kyriaki & Goula, Maria A., 2020. "Promoting effect of CaO-MgO mixed oxide on Ni/γ-Al2O3 catalyst for selective catalytic deoxygenation of palm oil," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 1793-1810.
    9. Chen, Shuang & Zhou, Guilin & Miao, Caixia, 2019. "Green and renewable bio-diesel produce from oil hydrodeoxygenation: Strategies for catalyst development and mechanism," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 568-589.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Rajaeifar, Mohammad Ali & Abdi, Reza & Tabatabaei, Meisam, 2017. "Expanded polystyrene waste application for improving biodiesel environmental performance parameters from life cycle assessment point of view," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 278-298.
    2. Đurišić-Mladenović, Nataša & Kiss, Ferenc & Škrbić, Biljana & Tomić, Milan & Mićić, Radoslav & Predojević, Zlatica, 2018. "Current state of the biodiesel production and the indigenous feedstock potential in Serbia," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 280-291.
    3. Sierra-Cantor, Jonathan Fabián & Guerrero-Fajardo, Carlos Alberto, 2017. "Methods for improving the cold flow properties of biodiesel with high saturated fatty acids content: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 774-790.
    4. Ambat, Indu & Srivastava, Varsha & Sillanpää, Mika, 2018. "Recent advancement in biodiesel production methodologies using various feedstock: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 356-369.
    5. Goh, Brandon Han Hoe & Ong, Hwai Chyuan & Cheah, Mei Yee & Chen, Wei-Hsin & Yu, Kai Ling & Mahlia, Teuku Meurah Indra, 2019. "Sustainability of direct biodiesel synthesis from microalgae biomass: A critical review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 59-74.
    6. Omojola Awogbemi & Daramy Vandi Von Kallon & Emmanuel Idoko Onuh & Victor Sunday Aigbodion, 2021. "An Overview of the Classification, Production and Utilization of Biofuels for Internal Combustion Engine Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-43, September.
    7. Patel, Alok & Arora, Neha & Mehtani, Juhi & Pruthi, Vikas & Pruthi, Parul A., 2017. "Assessment of fuel properties on the basis of fatty acid profiles of oleaginous yeast for potential biodiesel production," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 604-616.
    8. Piloto-Rodríguez, Ramón & Sánchez-Borroto, Yisel & Melo-Espinosa, Eliezer Ahmed & Verhelst, Sebastian, 2017. "Assessment of diesel engine performance when fueled with biodiesel from algae and microalgae: An overview," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 833-842.
    9. Živković, Snežana B. & Veljković, Milan V. & Banković-Ilić, Ivana B. & Krstić, Ivan M. & Konstantinović, Sandra S. & Ilić, Slavica B. & Avramović, Jelena M. & Stamenković, Olivera S. & Veljković, Vlad, 2017. "Technological, technical, economic, environmental, social, human health risk, toxicological and policy considerations of biodiesel production and use," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 222-247.
    10. Pires, José C.M., 2017. "COP21: The algae opportunity?," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 867-877.
    11. Azizi, Kolsoom & Keshavarz Moraveji, Mostafa & Abedini Najafabadi, Hamed, 2018. "A review on bio-fuel production from microalgal biomass by using pyrolysis method," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 3046-3059.
    12. Toscano Miranda, Nahieh & Lopes Motta, Ingrid & Maciel Filho, Rubens & Wolf Maciel, Maria Regina, 2021. "Sugarcane bagasse pyrolysis: A review of operating conditions and products properties," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
    13. Mansir, Nasar & Teo, Siow Hwa & Rashid, Umer & Saiman, Mohd Izham & Tan, Yen Ping & Alsultan, G. Abdulkareem & Taufiq-Yap, Yun Hin, 2018. "Modified waste egg shell derived bifunctional catalyst for biodiesel production from high FFA waste cooking oil. A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 3645-3655.
    14. Zahedi, Ali Reza & Mirnezami, Seyed Abolfazl, 2020. "Experimental analysis of biomass to biodiesel conversion using a novel renewable combined cycle system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 1177-1194.
    15. Lim, Juin Yau & Teng, Sin Yong & How, Bing Shen & Nam, KiJeon & Heo, SungKu & Máša, Vítězslav & Stehlík, Petr & Yoo, Chang Kyoo, 2022. "From microalgae to bioenergy: Identifying optimally integrated biorefinery pathways and harvest scheduling under uncertainties in predicted climate," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    16. Marta Ramos & Ana Paula Soares Dias & Jaime Filipe Puna & João Gomes & João Carlos Bordado, 2019. "Biodiesel Production Processes and Sustainable Raw Materials," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(23), pages 1-30, November.
    17. di Bitonto, Luigi & Reynel-Ávila, Hilda Elizabeth & Mendoza-Castillo, Didilia Ileana & Bonilla-Petriciolet, Adrián & Durán-Valle, Carlos J. & Pastore, Carlo, 2020. "Synthesis and characterization of nanostructured calcium oxides supported onto biochar and their application as catalysts for biodiesel production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 160(C), pages 52-66.
    18. Dariusz Kurczyński & Grzegorz Wcisło & Piotr Łagowski, 2021. "Experimental Study of Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Gas Composition of a Diesel Engine Powered by Biodiesel from Waste of Animal Origin," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-22, June.
    19. Azad, A.K. & Rasul, M.G. & Khan, M.M.K. & Sharma, Subhash C. & Mofijur, M. & Bhuiya, M.M.K., 2016. "Prospects, feedstocks and challenges of biodiesel production from beauty leaf oil and castor oil: A nonedible oil sources in Australia," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 302-318.
    20. Hajjari, Masoumeh & Tabatabaei, Meisam & Aghbashlo, Mortaza & Ghanavati, Hossein, 2017. "A review on the prospects of sustainable biodiesel production: A global scenario with an emphasis on waste-oil biodiesel utilization," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 445-464.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:82:y:2018:i:p3:p:3762-3797. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/600126/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.