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Activity of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, spectroscopic and chromatographic characterization of biodiesel: A review

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  • Tariq, Muhammad
  • Ali, Saqib
  • Khalid, Nasir

Abstract

Biofuel has got tremendous attraction for the last decade as an alternative source of energy. Bioethanol and biodiesel are two main products of first generation biofuel. Biodiesel is chemically fatty acid methyl esters prepared from various edible and non-edible oils. It has been used as a substitute to mineral diesel during the last decade. This review is about generation, transesterification, factors affecting transesterification, catalysts (homogeneous and heterogeneous) and physico-chemical characterization of biodiesel by chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. The alkaline homogeneous catalysts (NaOH or KOH) have been used on commercial scale for production of biodiesel because these are cheap and reaction occurs in less time. The heterogeneous catalysts such as metal oxides, e.g., CaO, MgO, SrO, ZnO, La2O3, Mg–Al hydrolalcite have been used for transesterification of vegetable oil due to their easy separation and reuse but these catalysts take more time for completion of reaction. The yield of biodiesel may be affected by alcohol/oil ratio, concentration of catalyst, time required for reaction, temperature free fatty acid moisture. The prepared biodiesel has been characterized by chromatographic techniques like gas chromatography, gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy, high performance liquid chromatography and spectroscopic techniques like nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy.

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  • Tariq, Muhammad & Ali, Saqib & Khalid, Nasir, 2012. "Activity of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, spectroscopic and chromatographic characterization of biodiesel: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(8), pages 6303-6316.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:16:y:2012:i:8:p:6303-6316
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2012.07.005
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    14. Ma, Yingqun & Wang, Qunhui & Gao, Zhen & Sun, Xiaohong & Wang, Nan & Niu, Ruxuan & Ma, Hongzhi, 2016. "Transesterification of waste cooking oil using FeCl3-modified resin catalyst and the research of catalytic mechanism," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 643-650.
    15. Baskar, G. & Aiswarya, R., 2016. "Trends in catalytic production of biodiesel from various feedstocks," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 496-504.
    16. Chen, Naiwen & Xu, Chaoqun & Guo, Xiaoyuan & Shim, Hojae, 2022. "Effects of sodium and magnesium supplement on lipid production and wastewater treatment by Rhodosporidium toruloides," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 199(C), pages 919-928.
    17. Mukhtar, Ahmad & Saqib, Sidra & Lin, Hongfei & Hassan Shah, Mansoor Ul & Ullah, Sami & Younas, Muhammad & Rezakazemi, Mashallah & Ibrahim, Muhammad & Mahmood, Abid & Asif, Saira & Bokhari, Awais, 2022. "Current status and challenges in the heterogeneous catalysis for biodiesel production," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).
    18. Jemima Romola, C.V. & Meganaharshini, M. & Rigby, S.P. & Ganesh Moorthy, I. & Shyam Kumar, R. & Karthikumar, Sankar, 2021. "A comprehensive review of the selection of natural and synthetic antioxidants to enhance the oxidative stability of biodiesel," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 145(C).
    19. Shah, Syed Hasnain & Raja, Iftikhar Ahmed & Rizwan, Muhammad & Rashid, Naim & Mahmood, Qaisar & Shah, Fayyaz Ali & Pervez, Arshid, 2018. "Potential of microalgal biodiesel production and its sustainability perspectives in Pakistan," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 76-92.
    20. Bañuelos, Jennifer A. & Velázquez-Hernández, I. & Guerra-Balcázar, M. & Arjona, N., 2018. "Production, characterization and evaluation of the energetic capability of bioethanol from Salicornia Bigelovii as a renewable energy source," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 125-134.
    21. Chuepeng, Sathaporn & Komintarachat, Cholada, 2018. "Interesterification optimization of waste cooking oil and ethyl acetate over homogeneous catalyst for biofuel production with engine validation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 232(C), pages 728-739.
    22. Xie, Wenlei & Li, Jiangbo, 2023. "Magnetic solid catalysts for sustainable and cleaner biodiesel production: A comprehensive review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 171(C).
    23. Tariq, Muhammad & Qureshi, Ahmad Kaleem & Karim, Shaista & Sirajuddin, Muhammad & Abbas, Naseem & Imran, Muhammad & Shirazi, Jaffir Hussain, 2021. "Synthesis, characterization and fuel parameters analysis of linseed oil biodiesel using cadmium oxide nanoparticles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 222(C).
    24. Ma, Yingqun & Wang, Qunhui & Sun, Xiaohong & Wu, Chuanfu & Gao, Zhen, 2017. "Kinetics studies of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using FeCl3-modified resin as heterogeneous catalyst," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 522-530.

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