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Non-isothermal (trans)esterification of linoleic acid and soybean oil deodorizer distillate with methanol under subcritical conditions

Author

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  • Xiong, Yi-Wei
  • Go, Alchris Woo
  • Alivio, Roxanne Kathlyn O.
  • Santoso, Shella Permatasari
  • Angkawijaya, Artik Elisa
  • Soetaredjo, Felycia Edi
  • Agapay, Ramelito C.

Abstract

Soybean oil deodorizer distillates (SODD), a by-product of soybean oil refining, primarily comprised of free fatty acids (FFA, 40.62–51.23 wt%), acyglycerides (22–25 wt%), and unsaponifiable matter (19.81–42.23 wt%), was explored as a potential feedstock for the synthesis of fatty acid methyl ester under subcritical conditions. Oil mixtures of linoleic acid and soybean oil were used as models to investigate the effects of reactor loading (RL = 25, 50, 90%), solvent-to-fatty acid ratio (SFR = 0.15–1.5 mL/g), mixing (0, 300 rpm), temperature (30–245 °C), and reaction time under non-isothermal and isothermal conditions. In addition, water and acetic acid were used as additives to investigate their effect on the reaction. Under favorable reaction conditions of 90% RL, SFR of 0.5 mL/g, and reacted non-isothermally to 245 °C and held for 100 min with stirring, high conversions or yields (87–89%) could be achieved when using SODDs having different total fatty acid content (59.37–77.42 wt%). The effect of unsaponifiable matter in significant quantities and some simple strategies to overcome possible limitations in the use of such feedstock were also looked into. The presence of high FFA allows (trans)esterification to be carried out under subcritical conditions without the need of adding a catalyst.

Suggested Citation

  • Xiong, Yi-Wei & Go, Alchris Woo & Alivio, Roxanne Kathlyn O. & Santoso, Shella Permatasari & Angkawijaya, Artik Elisa & Soetaredjo, Felycia Edi & Agapay, Ramelito C., 2022. "Non-isothermal (trans)esterification of linoleic acid and soybean oil deodorizer distillate with methanol under subcritical conditions," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 197(C), pages 528-544.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:197:y:2022:i:c:p:528-544
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2022.07.104
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Cherng-Yuan Lin & Yi-Wei Lin, 2012. "Fuel Characteristics of Biodiesel Produced from a High-Acid Oil from Soybean Soapstock by Supercritical-Methanol Transesterification," Energies, MDPI, vol. 5(7), pages 1-11, July.
    2. Barreiros, Thaís & Young, André & Cavalcante, Raquel & Queiroz, Eduardo, 2020. "Impact of biodiesel production on a soybean biorefinery," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 1066-1083.
    3. D'Amato Villardi, Hugo Gomes & Leal, Monique Ferreira & Pellegrini Pessoa, Fernando Luiz & Salgado, Andréa Medeiros, 2019. "Synthesis of methyl esters through residual feedstock using acid and free catalyst – Proposal of new reactor," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 1146-1155.
    4. Go, Alchris Woo & Tran Nguyen, Phuong Lan & Huynh, Lien Huong & Liu, Ying-Tsung & Sutanto, Sylviana & Ju, Yi-Hsu, 2014. "Catalyst free esterification of fatty acids with methanol under subcritical condition," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 393-400.
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    1. Quijote, Kristelle L. & Go, Alchris Woo & Angkawijaya, Artik Elisa & Santoso, Shella Permatasari & Gunarto, Chintya & Zullaikah, Siti, 2023. "Non-isothermal in-situ (trans)esterification of lipids in pre-functionalized and lipid-dense post-hydrolysis spent coffee grounds with subcritical methanol at low subcritical condition," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 111-124.

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