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Transport and environmental effects of rail-based Park and Ride: evidence from the Netherlands

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  • Mingardo, Giuliano

Abstract

Park and Ride (P&R) facilities have become increasingly popular in many European metropolitan areas. Despite its popularity, however, the real impact of P&R has been criticized by many who suggest that P&R can have little or even negative effects on car use reduction. This is mainly due to the so-called unintended effects, the most familiar being the “abstraction from public transport”; i.e., some P&R users had been making the whole trip by public transport prior the introduction of the P&R facility. This paper uses the findings of a users survey (N=738) conducted in nine rail-based P&Rs located around the cities of Rotterdam and The Hague (The Netherlands) in order to get an overview of the impacts in terms of the vehicle km travelled (VKT) and the vehicle emissions (CO2, NOx, PM10 and SO2) of this popular transport infrastructure. In comparison with the existing literature, a number of additional unintended effects have been found, namely ’abstraction from bike’ and ’Park and walk users’ of P&R facilities, which reinforce the ambiguity surrounding the impact of P&R. Additionally, large differences have been found between the net impact of P&Rs according to their function: remote P&Rs perform better than peripheral P&Rs. This study suggests that the introduction of a fee for parking would reduce the unintended effects. Finally, it presents a number of policy suggestions.

Suggested Citation

  • Mingardo, Giuliano, 2013. "Transport and environmental effects of rail-based Park and Ride: evidence from the Netherlands," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 7-16.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jotrge:v:30:y:2013:i:c:p:7-16
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2013.02.004
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    10. Wang, Judith Y. T. & Yang, Hai & Lindsey, Robin, 2004. "Locating and pricing park-and-ride facilities in a linear monocentric city with deterministic mode choice," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 38(8), pages 709-731, September.
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    Cited by:

    1. Zhao, Xinwei & Chen, Peng & Jiao, Junfeng & Chen, Xiaohong & Bischak, Chris, 2019. "How does ‘park and ride’ perform? An evaluation using longitudinal data," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 15-23.
    2. Rongen, Tibor & Tillema, Taede & Arts, Jos & Alonso-González, María J. & Witte, Jan-Jelle, 2022. "An analysis of the mobility hub concept in the Netherlands: Historical lessons for its implementation," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 104(C).
    3. Mingardo, Giuliano & van Wee, Bert & Rye, Tom, 2015. "Urban parking policy in Europe: A conceptualization of past and possible future trends," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 268-281.
    4. Marc Dijk & Graham Parkhurst, 2014. "Understanding the mobility-transformative qualities of urban park and ride polices in the UK and the Netherlands," International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 14(3/4), pages 246-270.
    5. Zhang, Jie & Wang, David Z.W. & Meng, Meng, 2018. "Which service is better on a linear travel corridor: Park & ride or on-demand public bus?," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 803-818.
    6. Mills, Gareth & White, Peter, 2018. "Evaluating the long-term impacts of bus-based park and ride," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 536-543.
    7. Aliyu Ahmad Aliyu & Olurotimi Adebowale Kemiki & Muhammad Umar Bello, 2018. "Analysis of Current Empirical Studies on Transport Value-Added Effect and Proximate Housing Price Capture," Traektoriâ Nauki = Path of Science, Altezoro, s.r.o. & Dialog, vol. 4(12), pages 1001-1020, December.
    8. Clayton, William & Ben-Elia, Eran & Parkhurst, Graham & Ricci, Miriam, 2014. "Where to park? A behavioural comparison of bus Park and Ride and city centre car park usage in Bath, UK," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 124-133.
    9. Mohammed Obaid & Arpad Torok & Jairo Ortega, 2021. "A Comprehensive Emissions Model Combining Autonomous Vehicles with Park and Ride and Electric Vehicle Transportation Policies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-15, April.
    10. Duncan, Michael, 2019. "Would the replacement of park-and-ride facilities with transit-oriented development reduce vehicle kilometers traveled in an auto-oriented US region?," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 293-301.
    11. Xu, Wangtu (Ato) & Li, Yongling & Wang, Hui, 2016. "Transit accessibility for commuters considering the demand elasticities of distance and transfer," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 138-156.
    12. Sung, Hyungun & Choi, Keechoo & Lee, Sugie & Cheon, SangHyun, 2014. "Exploring the impacts of land use by service coverage and station-level accessibility on rail transit ridership," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 134-140.
    13. Kimpton, Anthony & Pojani, Dorina & Sipe, Neil & Corcoran, Jonathan, 2020. "Parking Behavior: Park ‘n’ Ride (PnR) to encourage multimodalism in Brisbane," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
    14. Robert Rijavec & Nima Dadashzadeh & Marijan Žura & Rok Marsetič, 2020. "Park and Pool Lots’ Impact on Promoting Shared Mobility and Carpooling on Highways: The Case of Slovenia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-19, April.
    15. Maha Attia & Taslim Alade & Shady Attia, 2023. "The Influence of Passenger Car Banning Policies on Modal Shifts: Rotterdam’s Case Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-23, April.
    16. Wang, Shuaian & Qu, Xiaobo, 2017. "Station choice for Australian commuter rail lines: Equilibrium and optimal fare design," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 258(1), pages 144-154.
    17. Dijk, Marc & de Haes, Jan & Montalvo, Carlos, 2013. "Park-and-Ride motivations and air quality norms in Europe," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 149-160.
    18. Zhong, Haotian & Li, Wei, 2016. "Rail transit investment and property values: An old tale retold," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 33-48.

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