IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/intman/v26y2020i3s1075425318300553.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Generating a Scandal: Non-market Activity to Stop a Cross-Border Merger and Acquisition

Author

Listed:
  • Yapici, Nilufer
  • Hudson, Bryant Ashley

Abstract

In this manuscript, we present three controversial cross-border merger and acquisition (CBMA) deals that failed to be consummated after public announcement. Our cross-case analysis reveals that scandal, which causes the controversy surrounding these deals, is a non-market activity, whose main concern is to ensure the status quo in the target country through generation of executive and legislative action favoring the target country threatened actor. Scandal is a last resort act that makes the deal widely salient through transformation of the bid into a national threat. Target country actors threatened by the CBMA skillfully use scandal, along with their corporate political activities (CPA), to hinder deals that they could not have stopped otherwise. It is mainly the inadequacy of the CPA efforts that lead to emergence of scandal. Once condemned of wrongdoing, the acquirers instantly become persona non grata, even in the cases where the government is supportive of the deal.

Suggested Citation

  • Yapici, Nilufer & Hudson, Bryant Ashley, 2020. "Generating a Scandal: Non-market Activity to Stop a Cross-Border Merger and Acquisition," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 26(3).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:intman:v:26:y:2020:i:3:s1075425318300553
    DOI: 10.1016/j.intman.2020.100759
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1075425318300553
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.intman.2020.100759?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Desislava Dikova & Padma Rao Sahib & Arjen van Witteloostuijn, 2010. "Cross-border acquisition abandonment and completion: The effect of institutional differences and organizational learning in the international business service industry, 1981–2001," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 41(2), pages 223-245, February.
    2. Jonathan P. Doh & Thomas Lawton & Tazeeb Rajwani, 2012. "Advancing Nonmarket Strategy Research : Institutional Perspectives in a Changing World," Post-Print hal-02276718, HAL.
    3. Peter J Buckley & Jonathan P Doh & Mirko H Benischke, 2017. "Towards a renaissance in international business research? Big questions, grand challenges, and the future of IB scholarship," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 48(9), pages 1045-1064, December.
    4. Lim, Mi-Hee & Lee, Ji-Hwan, 2016. "The effects of industry relatedness and takeover motives on cross-border acquisition completion," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 69(11), pages 4787-4792.
    5. Luo, Yadong & Zhang, Huan, 2016. "Emerging Market MNEs: Qualitative Review and Theoretical Directions," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 22(4), pages 333-350.
    6. Popli, Manish & Akbar, Mohammad & Kumar, Vikas & Gaur, Ajai, 2016. "Reconceptualizing cultural distance: The role of cultural experience reserve in cross-border acquisitions," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 51(3), pages 404-412.
    7. I. Serdar Dinc & Isil Erel, 2013. "Economic Nationalism in Mergers and Acquisitions," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 68(6), pages 2471-2514, December.
    8. Wan, Kam-Ming & Wong, Ka-fu, 2009. "Economic impact of political barriers to cross-border acquisitions: An empirical study of CNOOC's unsuccessful takeover of Unocal," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 15(4), pages 447-468, September.
    9. Maurizio Floris & David Grant & Leanne Cutcher, 2013. "Mining the Discourse: Strategizing During BHP Billiton's Attempted Acquisition of Rio Tinto," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 50(7), pages 1185-1215, November.
    10. Moeller, Miriam & Harvey, Michael & Griffith, David & Richey, Glenn, 2013. "The impact of country-of-origin on the acceptance of foreign subsidiaries in host countries: An examination of the ‘liability-of-foreignness’," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 22(1), pages 89-99.
    11. Yadong Luo & Rosalie L Tung, 2007. "International expansion of emerging market enterprises: A springboard perspective," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 38(4), pages 481-498, July.
    12. Caiazza, Stefano & Pozzolo, Alberto Franco, 2016. "The determinants of failed takeovers in the banking sector: Deal or country characteristics?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 72(S), pages 92-103.
    13. Chenxi Zhou & Jinhong Xie & Qi Wang, 2016. "Failure to Complete Cross-Border M&As: “To” vs. “From” Emerging Markets," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 47(9), pages 1077-1105, December.
    14. Olivier Bertrand & Marie-Ann Betschinger & Alexander Settles, 2016. "The relevance of political affinity for the initial acquisition premium in cross-border acquisitions," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 37(10), pages 2071-2091, October.
    15. Zhang, Jianhong & He, Xinming, 2014. "Economic nationalism and foreign acquisition completion: The case of China," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 23(1), pages 212-227.
    16. Rajwani, Tazeeb & Liedong, Tahiru Azaaviele, 2015. "Political activity and firm performance within nonmarket research: A review and international comparative assessment," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 50(2), pages 273-283.
    17. Katrin Muehlfeld & Padma Rao Sahib & Arjen Van Witteloostuijn, 2012. "A contextual theory of organizational learning from failures and successes: A study of acquisition completion in the global newspaper industry, 1981–2008," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(8), pages 938-964, August.
    18. Xie, En & Reddy, K.S. & Liang, Jie, 2017. "Country-specific determinants of cross-border mergers and acquisitions: A comprehensive review and future research directions," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 52(2), pages 127-183.
    19. Fuad, Mohammad & Gaur, Ajai S., 2019. "Merger waves, entry-timing, and cross-border acquisition completion: A frictional lens perspective," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 54(2), pages 107-118.
    20. He, Xinming & Zhang, Jianhong, 2018. "Emerging market MNCs' cross-border acquisition completion: Institutional image and strategies," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 139-150.
    21. Christine Benedichte Meyer & Ellen Altenborg, 2008. "Incompatible strategies in international mergers: the failed merger between Telia and Telenor," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 39(3), pages 508-525, April.
    22. John Child & Terence Tsai, 2005. "The Dynamic Between Firms’ Environmental Strategies and Institutional Constraints in Emerging Economies: Evidence from China and Taiwan," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 42(1), pages 95-125, January.
    23. Andrew Delios, 2017. "The Death and Rebirth (?) of International Business Research," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 54(3), pages 391-397, May.
    24. Weiting Zheng & Kulwant Singh & Will Mitchell, 2015. "Buffering and enabling: The impact of interlocking political ties on firm survival and sales growth," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 36(11), pages 1615-1636, November.
    25. Baron, David P., 1999. "Integrated Market and Nonmarket Strategies in Client and Interest Group Politics," Business and Politics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 1(1), pages 7-34, April.
    26. Sally Riad & Eero Vaara, 2011. "Varieties of National Metonymy in Media Accounts of International Mergers and Acquisitions," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 48(4), pages 737-771, June.
    27. Eero Vaara & Sally Riad, 2011. "Varieties of national metonymy in media accounts of international mergers and acquisitions," Post-Print hal-02312580, HAL.
    28. Stephanie Lu Wang & Yadong Luo & Xiongwen Lu & Jinyun Sun & Vladislav Maksimov, 2014. "Autonomy delegation to foreign subsidiaries: An enabling mechanism for emerging-market multinationals," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 45(2), pages 111-130, February.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Ahsan, Faisal Mohammad & Fuad, Mohammad & Sinha, Ashutosh Kumar, 2021. "Seeking strategic assets within cross-border acquisition waves: a study of Indian firms," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 27(4).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Xie, En & Reddy, K.S. & Liang, Jie, 2017. "Country-specific determinants of cross-border mergers and acquisitions: A comprehensive review and future research directions," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 52(2), pages 127-183.
    2. Juan Bu & Yinuo Tang & Yadong Luo & Chengguang Li, 2023. "Learning from inbound foreign acquisitions for outbound expansion by emerging market MNEs," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 54(5), pages 852-886, July.
    3. He, Xinming & Zhang, Jianhong, 2018. "Emerging market MNCs' cross-border acquisition completion: Institutional image and strategies," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 139-150.
    4. Reddy, Kotapati Srinivasa, 2015. "Why do Cross-border Merger/Acquisition Deals become Delayed, or Unsuccessful? – A Cross-Case Analysis in the Dynamic Industries," MPRA Paper 63940, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 2015.
    5. Reddy, Kotapati Srinivasa, 2015. "Revisiting and Reinforcing the Farmers Fox Theory: A Study (Test) of Three Cases in Cross-border Inbound Acquisitions," MPRA Paper 63561, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 2015.
    6. Shanshan Ouyang & Yanxi Li, 2019. "Confucius Institute and the Completion of Chinese Cross-Border Acquisitions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(18), pages 1-22, September.
    7. Reddy, Kotapati Srinivasa, 2014. "Institutional Dichotomy and Cross-Border Inbound Acquisitions: A Study of Three Cases," MPRA Paper 64221, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 2014.
    8. Liou, Ru-Shiun & Faifman, Leon & Ellis, Kimberly, 2023. "Navigating political risk: Protectionism and ownership strategy in cross-border M&As," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 162(C).
    9. Ye, Silin & Zhou, Jing & Jiang, Yunwen & Liu, Xiaming, 2023. "Managers as the bridge: How cultural friction influences the integration of cross-border mergers and acquisitions," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 32(4).
    10. Kotapati Srinivasa Reddy, 2015. "Beating the Odds! Build theory from emerging markets phenomenon and the emergence of case study research—A “Test-Tube” typology," Cogent Business & Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 2(1), pages 1037225-103, December.
    11. Fuad, Mohammad & Gaur, Ajai S., 2019. "Merger waves, entry-timing, and cross-border acquisition completion: A frictional lens perspective," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 54(2), pages 107-118.
    12. Wafa Tariq Waqar, 2020. "Board size and acquisition outcome: The moderating role of home country formal institutional development," Managerial and Decision Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 41(4), pages 529-541, June.
    13. Lim, Mi-Hee & Lee, Ji-Hwan, 2017. "National economic disparity and cross-border acquisition resolution," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 26(2), pages 354-364.
    14. Li, Yanxi & Sai, Qian, 2020. "The effects of language and religion on cross-border acquisition completion," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
    15. Zhang, Jianhong, 2022. "Liability of emergingness and EMNEs’ cross-border acquisition completion: A legitimacy perspective," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 31(2).
    16. Chengguang Li & Ilgaz Arikan & Oded Shenkar & Asli Arikan, 2020. "The impact of country-dyadic military conflicts on market reaction to cross-border acquisitions," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 51(3), pages 299-325, April.
    17. Kumar, Deepak & Sengupta, Keya & Bhattacharya, Mousumi, 2023. "Macroeconomic influences on M&A deal outcomes: An analysis of domestic and cross-border M&As in developed and emerging economies," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    18. Jing Zhou & Yunwen Jiang & On Kit Tam & Wei Lan & Silin Ye, 2021. "Success in completing cross‐border acquisitions by emerging market firms: What matters?," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 44(7), pages 2128-2163, July.
    19. Chenxi Zhou & Kent Ngan-Cheung Hui & Kevin Zheng Zhou & Yuanyuan Gong, 2023. "Is failure the mother of success? Prior failure experience and cross-border M&A completion by emerging market firms," Asia Pacific Journal of Management, Springer, vol. 40(2), pages 775-813, June.
    20. Lee, In Hyeock (Ian) & Hong, Eunsuk & Shin, Jong Kook, 2023. "Multinational enterprises, intra-regional cross-border M&As, and performance: Location advantages of market versus knowledge," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 32(6).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:intman:v:26:y:2020:i:3:s1075425318300553. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/601266/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.