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Retrofits and options for the alternatives to HCFC-22

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  • Yang, Zhao
  • Wu, Xi

Abstract

HCFC-22, widely used in variety of refrigerating/heating equipment, has been scheduled to be phased out by Montreal Protocol. This decision will result in significant reduction of ozone depletion and global warming, holding on the climate benefits accrued so far. In this paper, significant focuses were paid on the HCFC-22 elimination policies, advanced technologies, feasibility substitutes, revolutionary innovations, assessment strategy and developing tendency. The latest developing situation of R744, R717, HC-290, RE170, HFC-32, HFC-161, HFC-152a, HFO-1234yf, HFO-1234ze (E) and their blends were summarized and evaluated technically. Currently there has been no such kind of fluids which can replace HCFC-22 perfectly in most of existing equipment. Many factors must be taken into consideration when selecting an alternative, such as thermodynamic property, environmental impact, system efficiency, technology, flammability, toxicity, cost, policy etc., which can be regarded as a multi-objective decision problem. It is predicted to be increasingly important to research the flammable characteristics of refrigerants, including flammable limits, ignition energy, heat and product of combustion. Special security arrangements were suggested when operating with the flammable refrigerants, covering the whole lifetime. In consideration of current situations, the diversified solutions are the inevitable trends on the basic of comprehensive comparison.

Suggested Citation

  • Yang, Zhao & Wu, Xi, 2013. "Retrofits and options for the alternatives to HCFC-22," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 1-21.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:59:y:2013:i:c:p:1-21
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2013.05.065
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    2. Henchoz, Samuel & Weber, Céline & Maréchal, François & Favrat, Daniel, 2015. "Performance and profitability perspectives of a CO2 based district energy network in Geneva's City Centre," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 221-235.
    3. Feng, Biao & Yang, Zhao & Zhai, Rui, 2017. "Experimental research on the concentration characteristics of R32 and R161′ combustion product HF," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 671-680.
    4. Mendoza-Miranda, J.M. & Mota-Babiloni, A. & Ramírez-Minguela, J.J. & Muñoz-Carpio, V.D. & Carrera-Rodríguez, M. & Navarro-Esbrí, J. & Salazar-Hernández, C., 2016. "Comparative evaluation of R1234yf, R1234ze(E) and R450A as alternatives to R134a in a variable speed reciprocating compressor," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 753-766.
    5. El-Morsi, Mohamed, 2015. "Energy and exergy analysis of LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) as a drop in replacement for R134a in domestic refrigerators," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 344-353.
    6. Abas, Naeem & Kalair, Ali Raza & Khan, Nasrullah & Haider, Aun & Saleem, Zahid & Saleem, Muhammad Shoaib, 2018. "Natural and synthetic refrigerants, global warming: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 557-569.
    7. Cho, Il Yong & Seo, HyeongJoon & Kim, Dongwoo & Kim, Yongchan, 2016. "Performance comparison between R410A and R32 multi-heat pumps with a sub-cooler vapor injection in the heating and cooling modes," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 179-187.
    8. Mota-Babiloni, Adrián & Belman-Flores, J.M. & Makhnatch, Pavel & Navarro-Esbrí, Joaquín & Barroso-Maldonado, J.M., 2018. "Experimental exergy analysis of R513A to replace R134a in a small capacity refrigeration system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 99-110.
    9. Mohanraj, M. & Belyayev, Ye. & Jayaraj, S. & Kaltayev, A., 2018. "Research and developments on solar assisted compression heat pump systems – A comprehensive review (Part A: Modeling and modifications)," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 90-123.
    10. Mohapatra, Alok Ku & Sanjay,, 2014. "Thermodynamic assessment of impact of inlet air cooling techniques on gas turbine and combined cycle performance," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 191-203.
    11. Yang, Zhao & Wu, Xi & Tian, Tian, 2015. "Flammability of Trans-1, 3, 3, 3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene and its binary blends," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 386-392.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    R22; Replace; Refrigerant; Flammability; Hydrocarbon;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • R22 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - Household Analysis - - - Other Demand

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