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High-temperature solar thermochemistry: Production of iron and synthesis gas by Fe3O4-reduction with methane

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  • Steinfeld, A.
  • Kuhn, P.
  • Karni, J.

Abstract

Criteria for selecting thermochemical processes that use concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat are reviewed. We have thermodynamically examined the system Fe3O4 + 4CH4. At 1 atm and temperatures above 1300 K, the chemical equilibrium components consist of metallic iron in the solid phase and a mixture of 66.7% H2 and 33.3% CO in the gaseous phase. The total energy required to effect this highly endothermic transformation is about 1000 kJ/per mole of Fe3O4 reduced. We conducted exploratory experimental studies in a solar furnace using a solar receiver (with internal infrared mirrors) containing a fluidized bed reactor. Directly irradiated iron oxide particles, fluidized in methane, acted simultaneously as radiant absorbers and chemical reactants, while freshly produced iron particles acted as reaction catalysts. The proposed process offers simultaneous production of iron from its ores and of syngas from natural gas, without discharging CO2 and other pollutants to the environment.

Suggested Citation

  • Steinfeld, A. & Kuhn, P. & Karni, J., 1993. "High-temperature solar thermochemistry: Production of iron and synthesis gas by Fe3O4-reduction with methane," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 18(3), pages 239-249.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:18:y:1993:i:3:p:239-249
    DOI: 10.1016/0360-5442(93)90108-P
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    Cited by:

    1. Lu, Chunqiang & Li, Kongzhai & Zhu, Xing & Wei, Yonggang & Li, Lei & Zheng, Min & Fan, Bingbing & He, Fang & Wang, Hua, 2020. "Improved activity of magnetite oxygen carrier for chemical looping steam reforming by ultrasonic treatment," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(C).
    2. Yadav, Deepak & Banerjee, Rangan, 2016. "A review of solar thermochemical processes," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 497-532.
    3. Kodama, T & Ohtake, H & Matsumoto, S & Aoki, A & Shimizu, T & Kitayama, Y, 2000. "Thermochemical methane reforming using a reactive WO3/W redox system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 25(5), pages 411-425.
    4. Halmann, M. & Frei, A. & Steinfeld, A., 2002. "Thermo-neutral production of metals and hydrogen or methanol by the combined reduction of the oxides of zinc or iron with partial oxidation of hydrocarbons," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 27(12), pages 1069-1084.
    5. Liu, Xiangyu & Zhang, Hao & Hong, Hui & Jin, Hongguang, 2020. "Experimental study on honeycomb reactor using methane via chemical looping cycle for solar syngas," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 268(C).
    6. Halmann, M. & Frei, A. & Steinfeld, A., 2007. "Carbothermal reduction of alumina: Thermochemical equilibrium calculations and experimental investigation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 32(12), pages 2420-2427.
    7. Chen, Wei-Hsin & Hsu, Chih-Liang & Du, Shan-Wen, 2015. "Thermodynamic analysis of the partial oxidation of coke oven gas for indirect reduction of iron oxides in a blast furnace," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 758-771.
    8. Nadgouda, Sourabh G. & Guo, Mengqing & Tong, Andrew & Fan, L.-S., 2019. "High purity syngas and hydrogen coproduction using copper-iron oxygen carriers in chemical looping reforming process," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 235(C), pages 1415-1426.
    9. Kodama, T. & Shimizu, T. & Satoh, T. & Shimizu, K.-I., 2003. "Stepwise production of CO-rich syngas and hydrogen via methane reforming by a WO3-redox catalyst," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 28(11), pages 1055-1068.
    10. Shuai, Yong & Zhang, Hao & Guene Lougou, Bachirou & Jiang, Boshu & Mustafa, Azeem & Wang, Chi-Hwa & Wang, Fuqiang & Zhao, Jiupeng, 2021. "Solar-driven thermochemical redox cycles of ZrO2 supported NiFe2O4 for CO2 reduction into chemical energy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 223(C).
    11. Liu, Xiangyu & Hong, Hui & Zhang, Hao & Cao, Yali & Qu, Wanjun & Jin, Hongguang, 2020. "Solar methanol by hybridizing natural gas chemical looping reforming with solar heat," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 277(C).
    12. Lu, Chunqiang & Li, Kongzhai & Wang, Hua & Zhu, Xing & Wei, Yonggang & Zheng, Min & Zeng, Chunhua, 2018. "Chemical looping reforming of methane using magnetite as oxygen carrier: Structure evolution and reduction kinetics," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 211(C), pages 1-14.
    13. Aoki, A. & Ohtake, H. & Shimizu, T. & Kitayama, Y. & Kodama, T., 2000. "Reactive metal-oxide redox system for a two-step thermochemical conversion of coal and water to CO and H2," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 25(3), pages 201-218.

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