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Hydrothermal carbonization of microalgae II. Fatty acid, char, and algal nutrient products

Author

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  • Heilmann, Steven M.
  • Jader, Lindsey R.
  • Harned, Laurie A.
  • Sadowsky, Michael J.
  • Schendel, Frederick J.
  • Lefebvre, Paul A.
  • von Keitz, Marc G.
  • Valentas, Kenneth J.

Abstract

A process for isolation of three products (fatty acids, chars and nutrient-rich aqueous phases) from the hydrothermal carbonization of microalgae is described. Fatty acid products derived from hydrolysis of fatty acid ester groups in the microalgae were obtained in high yield and were found to be principally adsorbed onto the char also created in the process. With the highest lipid-containing microalga investigated, 92% of the fatty acids isolated were obtained by solvent extraction of the char product, with the remaining 8% obtained by extraction of the acidified filtrate. Obtaining the fatty acids principally by a solid–liquid extraction eliminates potential emulsification and phase separation problems commonly encountered in liquid–liquid extractions. The aqueous phase was investigated as a nutrient amendment to algal growth media, and a 20-fold dilution of the concentrate supported algal growth to a level of about half that of the optimal nutrient growth medium. Uses for the extracted char other than as a solid fuel are also discussed. Results of these studies indicate that fatty acids derived from hydrothermal carbonization of microalgae hold great promise for the production of liquid biofuels.

Suggested Citation

  • Heilmann, Steven M. & Jader, Lindsey R. & Harned, Laurie A. & Sadowsky, Michael J. & Schendel, Frederick J. & Lefebvre, Paul A. & von Keitz, Marc G. & Valentas, Kenneth J., 2011. "Hydrothermal carbonization of microalgae II. Fatty acid, char, and algal nutrient products," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(10), pages 3286-3290.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:88:y:2011:i:10:p:3286-3290
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.12.041
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    Cited by:

    1. Barbera, Elena & Bertucco, Alberto & Kumar, Sandeep, 2018. "Nutrients recovery and recycling in algae processing for biofuels production," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 28-42.
    2. Nizamuddin, Sabzoi & Baloch, Humair Ahmed & Griffin, G.J. & Mubarak, N.M. & Bhutto, Abdul Waheed & Abro, Rashid & Mazari, Shaukat Ali & Ali, Brahim Si, 2017. "An overview of effect of process parameters on hydrothermal carbonization of biomass," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 1289-1299.
    3. Amber Broch & Umakanta Jena & S. Kent Hoekman & Joel Langford, 2013. "Analysis of Solid and Aqueous Phase Products from Hydrothermal Carbonization of Whole and Lipid-Extracted Algae," Energies, MDPI, vol. 7(1), pages 1-18, December.
    4. Michael Kröger & Marco Klemm & Michael Nelles, 2018. "Hydrothermal Disintegration and Extraction of Different Microalgae Species," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-13, February.
    5. Zharova, P.A. & Chistyakov, A.V. & Shapovalov, S.S. & Pasynskii, A.A. & Tsodikov, M.V., 2019. "Original Pt-Sn/Al2O3 catalyst for selective hydrodeoxygenation of vegetable oils," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 172(C), pages 18-25.
    6. Liu, Xiangmin & Fan, Yuwei & Zhai, Yunbo & Liu, Xiaoping & Wang, Zhexian & Zhu, Ya & Shi, Haoran & Li, Caiting & Zhu, Yun, 2022. "Co-hydrothermal carbonization of rape straw and microalgae: pH-enhanced carbonization process to obtain clean hydrochar," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 257(C).
    7. Wang, Ze & Lin, Weigang & Song, Wenli, 2012. "Liquid product from hydrothermal treatment of cellulose by direct GC/MS analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 56-60.
    8. Gollakota, A.R.K. & Kishore, Nanda & Gu, Sai, 2018. "A review on hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 1378-1392.
    9. Ahmad, Fiaz & Silva, Edson Luiz & Varesche, Maria Bernadete Amâncio, 2018. "Hydrothermal processing of biomass for anaerobic digestion – A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 108-124.
    10. Chamkalani, A. & Zendehboudi, S. & Rezaei, N. & Hawboldt, K., 2020. "A critical review on life cycle analysis of algae biodiesel: current challenges and future prospects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    11. He, Chao & Tang, Chunyan & Li, Chuanhao & Yuan, Jihui & Tran, Khanh-Quang & Bach, Quang-Vu & Qiu, Rongliang & Yang, Yanhui, 2018. "Wet torrefaction of biomass for high quality solid fuel production: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 259-271.
    12. Pragya, Namita & Pandey, Krishan K., 2016. "Life cycle assessment of green diesel production from microalgae," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 623-632.
    13. Aragón-Briceño, C.I. & Pozarlik, A.K. & Bramer, E.A. & Niedzwiecki, Lukasz & Pawlak-Kruczek, H. & Brem, G., 2021. "Hydrothermal carbonization of wet biomass from nitrogen and phosphorus approach: A review," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 401-415.
    14. Watanabe, Hideo & Li, Dalin & Nakagawa, Yoshinao & Tomishige, Keiichi & Kaya, Kunimitsu & Watanabe, Makoto M., 2014. "Characterization of oil-extracted residue biomass of Botryococcus braunii as a biofuel feedstock and its pyrolytic behavior," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 475-484.
    15. Tian, Chunyan & Li, Baoming & Liu, Zhidan & Zhang, Yuanhui & Lu, Haifeng, 2014. "Hydrothermal liquefaction for algal biorefinery: A critical review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 933-950.
    16. He, Chao & Giannis, Apostolos & Wang, Jing-Yuan, 2013. "Conversion of sewage sludge to clean solid fuel using hydrothermal carbonization: Hydrochar fuel characteristics and combustion behavior," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 257-266.
    17. Kossińska, Nina & Krzyżyńska, Renata & Ghazal, Heba & Jouhara, Hussam, 2023. "Hydrothermal carbonisation of sewage sludge and resulting biofuels as a sustainable energy source," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 275(C).

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