IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/appene/v183y2016icp1240-1258.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The dynamic performance and economic benefit of a blended braking system in a multi-speed battery electric vehicle

Author

Listed:
  • Ruan, Jiageng
  • Walker, Paul D.
  • Watterson, Peter A.
  • Zhang, Nong

Abstract

As motor-supplied braking torque is applied to the wheels in an entirely different way to hydraulic friction braking systems and it is usually only connected to one axle complicated effects such as wheel slip and locking, vehicle body bounce and braking distance variation will inevitability impact on the performance and safety of braking. The potential for braking energy recovery in typical driving cycles is presented to show its benefit in this study. A general predictive model is designed to analysis the economic and dynamic performance of blended braking systems, satisfying the relevant regulations/laws and critical limitations. Braking strategies for different purposes are proposed to achieve a balance between braking performance, driving comfort and energy recovery rate. Special measures are taken to avoid any effects of motor failure. All strategies are analyzed in detail for various braking events. Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), such as ABS and EBD, are properly integrated to work with the regenerative braking system (RBS) harmoniously. Different switching plans during braking are discussed. The braking energy recovery rates and brake force distribution details for different driving cycles are simulated. Results for two of the cycles in an ‘Eco’ mode are measured on a drive train test rig and found to agree with the simulated results to within approximately 10%. Reliable conclusions can thus be gained on the economic benefit and dynamic braking performance. The strategies proposed in this paper are shown to not only achieve comfortable and safe braking during all driving conditions, but also to significantly reduce cost in both the short and long term.

Suggested Citation

  • Ruan, Jiageng & Walker, Paul D. & Watterson, Peter A. & Zhang, Nong, 2016. "The dynamic performance and economic benefit of a blended braking system in a multi-speed battery electric vehicle," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 1240-1258.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:183:y:2016:i:c:p:1240-1258
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.09.057
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261916313599
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.09.057?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Bi, Zicheng & Song, Lingjun & De Kleine, Robert & Mi, Chunting Chris & Keoleian, Gregory A., 2015. "Plug-in vs. wireless charging: Life cycle energy and greenhouse gas emissions for an electric bus system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 11-19.
    2. David Newbery & Goran Strbac, 2014. "What is the target battery cost at which Battery Electric Vehicles are socially cost competitive?," Cambridge Working Papers in Economics 1446, Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge.
    3. Omar, Noshin & Monem, Mohamed Abdel & Firouz, Yousef & Salminen, Justin & Smekens, Jelle & Hegazy, Omar & Gaulous, Hamid & Mulder, Grietus & Van den Bossche, Peter & Coosemans, Thierry & Van Mierlo, J, 2014. "Lithium iron phosphate based battery – Assessment of the aging parameters and development of cycle life model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1575-1585.
    4. Ruan, Jiageng & Walker, Paul & Zhang, Nong, 2016. "A comparative study energy consumption and costs of battery electric vehicle transmissions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(C), pages 119-134.
    5. Francesco Bottiglione & Stefano De Pinto & Giacomo Mantriota & Aldo Sorniotti, 2014. "Energy Consumption of a Battery Electric Vehicle with Infinitely Variable Transmission," Energies, MDPI, vol. 7(12), pages 1-21, December.
    6. Björnsson, Lars-Henrik & Karlsson, Sten, 2016. "The potential for brake energy regeneration under Swedish conditions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 168(C), pages 75-84.
    7. Hu, Chao & Jain, Gaurav & Tamirisa, Prabhakar & Gorka, Tom, 2014. "Method for estimating capacity and predicting remaining useful life of lithium-ion battery," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 182-189.
    8. Onat, Nuri Cihat & Kucukvar, Murat & Tatari, Omer, 2015. "Conventional, hybrid, plug-in hybrid or electric vehicles? State-based comparative carbon and energy footprint analysis in the United States," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 36-49.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Ruan, Jiageng & Walker, Paul David & Zhang, Nong & Wu, Jinglai, 2017. "An investigation of hybrid energy storage system in multi-speed electric vehicle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 140(P1), pages 291-306.
    2. Boyi Xiao & Huazhong Lu & Hailin Wang & Jiageng Ruan & Nong Zhang, 2017. "Enhanced Regenerative Braking Strategies for Electric Vehicles: Dynamic Performance and Potential Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-19, November.
    3. Yang, Jian & Liu, Bo & Zhang, Tiezhu & Hong, Jichao & Zhang, Hongxin, 2023. "Multi-parameter controlled mechatronics-electro-hydraulic power coupling electric vehicle based on active energy regulation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PC).
    4. Ruan, Jiageng & Wu, Changcheng & Liang, Zhaowen & Liu, Kai & Li, Bin & Li, Weihan & Li, Tongyang, 2023. "The application of machine learning-based energy management strategy in a multi-mode plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, part II: Deep deterministic policy gradient algorithm design for electric mode," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 269(C).
    5. Zhang, Jin & Wang, Zhenpo & Liu, Peng & Zhang, Zhaosheng & Li, Xiaoyu & Qu, Changhui, 2019. "Driving cycles construction for electric vehicles considering road environment: A case study in Beijing," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 253(C), pages 1-1.
    6. Sánchez, Marcelino & Delprat, Sébastien & Hofman, Theo, 2020. "Energy management of hybrid vehicles with state constraints: A penalty and implicit Hamiltonian minimization approach," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    7. Emilia M. Szumska & Rafał Jurecki, 2022. "The Analysis of Energy Recovered during the Braking of an Electric Vehicle in Different Driving Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(24), pages 1-16, December.
    8. Xu Hu & Yisong Chen & Zhensen Ding & Liang Gu, 2019. "Vehicle Optimal Control Design to Meet the 1.5 °C Target: A Control Design Framework for Vehicle Subsystems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(16), pages 1-21, August.
    9. Guwen Tang & Meng Zhang & Fei Bu, 2023. "Vehicle Environmental Efficiency Evaluation in Different Regions in China: A Combination of the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) and Two-Stage Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Methods," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-24, August.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ruan, Jiageng & Song, Qiang & Yang, Weiwei, 2019. "The application of hybrid energy storage system with electrified continuously variable transmission in battery electric vehicle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 315-330.
    2. Ruan, Jiageng & Walker, Paul & Zhang, Nong, 2016. "A comparative study energy consumption and costs of battery electric vehicle transmissions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(C), pages 119-134.
    3. Ruan, Jiageng & Walker, Paul David & Zhang, Nong & Wu, Jinglai, 2017. "An investigation of hybrid energy storage system in multi-speed electric vehicle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 140(P1), pages 291-306.
    4. Stefano De Pinto & Pablo Camocardi & Christoforos Chatzikomis & Aldo Sorniotti & Francesco Bottiglione & Giacomo Mantriota & Pietro Perlo, 2020. "On the Comparison of 2- and 4-Wheel-Drive Electric Vehicle Layouts with Central Motors and Single- and 2-Speed Transmission Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-24, June.
    5. Marmiroli, Benedetta & Venditti, Mattia & Dotelli, Giovanni & Spessa, Ezio, 2020. "The transport of goods in the urban environment: A comparative life cycle assessment of electric, compressed natural gas and diesel light-duty vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    6. Ying Yang & Zhenpo Wang & Shuo Wang & Ni Lin, 2022. "An Investigation of Opportunity Charging with Hybrid Energy Storage System on Electric Bus with Two-Speed Transmission," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-13, September.
    7. Antti Ritari & Jari Vepsäläinen & Klaus Kivekäs & Kari Tammi & Heikki Laitinen, 2020. "Energy Consumption and Lifecycle Cost Analysis of Electric City Buses with Multispeed Gearboxes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-21, April.
    8. Wen, Jianping & Zhao, Dan & Zhang, Chuanwei, 2020. "An overview of electricity powered vehicles: Lithium-ion battery energy storage density and energy conversion efficiency," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 1629-1648.
    9. Oh, Ki-Yong & Epureanu, Bogdan I., 2016. "Characterization and modeling of the thermal mechanics of lithium-ion battery cells," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 178(C), pages 633-646.
    10. Ying Lyu & Xuenan Sun & Hong Chu & Bingzhao Gao, 2020. "Improvement of Battery Life and Energy Economy for Electric Vehicles with Two-Speed Transmission," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-20, July.
    11. Su, Laisuo & Zhang, Jianbo & Wang, Caijuan & Zhang, Yakun & Li, Zhe & Song, Yang & Jin, Ting & Ma, Zhao, 2016. "Identifying main factors of capacity fading in lithium ion cells using orthogonal design of experiments," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 201-210.
    12. Young Kwan Ko & Young Dae Ko, 2023. "A Development of Optimal Design and Operation Algorithm for Battery-Powered Electric City Tour Bus System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-16, January.
    13. Hong, Jichao & Wang, Zhenpo & Zhang, Tiezhu & Yin, Huaixian & Zhang, Hongxin & Huo, Wei & Zhang, Yi & Li, Yuanyuan, 2019. "Research on integration simulation and balance control of a novel load isolated pure electric driving system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
    14. Abdel Monem, Mohamed & Trad, Khiem & Omar, Noshin & Hegazy, Omar & Mantels, Bart & Mulder, Grietus & Van den Bossche, Peter & Van Mierlo, Joeri, 2015. "Lithium-ion batteries: Evaluation study of different charging methodologies based on aging process," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 143-155.
    15. Mingant, R. & Bernard, J. & Sauvant-Moynot, V., 2016. "Novel state-of-health diagnostic method for Li-ion battery in service," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 390-398.
    16. Zhao, Jinxing, 2017. "Research and application of over-expansion cycle (Atkinson and Miller) engines – A review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(P1), pages 300-319.
    17. Shilei Zhou & Paul Walker & Yang Tian & Cong Thanh Nguyen & Nong Zhang, 2021. "Comparison on Energy Economy and Vibration Characteristics of Electric and Hydraulic in-Wheel Drive Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-15, April.
    18. Kucukvar, Murat & Haider, Muhammad Ali & Onat, Nuri Cihat, 2017. "Exploring the material footprints of national electricity production scenarios until 2050: The case for Turkey and UK," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 251-263.
    19. Boud Verbrugge & Mohammed Mahedi Hasan & Haaris Rasool & Thomas Geury & Mohamed El Baghdadi & Omar Hegazy, 2021. "Smart Integration of Electric Buses in Cities: A Technological Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-23, November.
    20. Daniel Rasbash & Kevin Joseph Dillman & Jukka Heinonen & Eyjólfur Ingi Ásgeirsson, 2023. "A National and Regional Greenhouse Gas Breakeven Assessment of EVs across North America," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-26, January.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:183:y:2016:i:c:p:1240-1258. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405891/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.