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Policy Advice as an Investment Problem

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  • Klaus Heine
  • Karsten Mause

Abstract

From the viewpoint of Public Choice theory, the logic of electoral competition makes it difficult for rational, self‐interested politicians to advance unpopular reforms. As political decision‐makers have primarily the aim of re‐election in mind, ‘inconvenient’ scientific policy advice often falls on deaf ears in the political arena. This implementation problem has been widely discussed in political science, economics, and related social sciences. Complementary to this qualitative dimension, the present paper uses insight from the economics of innovation to analyze the quantitative dimension of policy advice. It is assumed that additional expert opinion is only requested whenever it increases a politician's chance to become re‐elected. This simple politico‐economic reasoning, it will be argued, induces a systematic under‐and overinvestment in policy advice, which is inefficient in terms of social welfare. After discussing the advisor's role in this framework, the paper concludes with a brief presentation of possible remedies to dilute these undesirable incentive effects. The theoretical reasoning will be illustrated by the case of Germany where problems of policy advice have become apparent in recent years. Aus Sicht der Neuen Politischen ökonomik macht es der Wettbewerb auf dem Wählerstimmenmarkt eigeninteressierten Politikern schwer, politische Reformmassnahmen durchzusetzen. Da Politiker vor allem die eigene Wiederwahl im Auge haben, stösst wissenschaftliche Politikberatung, die unpopuläre Massnahmen fordert, häufig auf ‘taube Ohren’ bei politischen Entscheidungsträgern. Dieses so genannte Implementationsproblem ist bereits vielfach in der ökonomischen und politikwissenschaftlichen Literatur diskutiert worden. Der vorliegende Beitrag problematisiert hingegen ergänzend die quantitativ‐strukturelle Dimension der Politikberatung. Hierzu werden Erkenntnisse der Innovationsökonomik nutzbar gemacht. Dabei wird davon ausgegangen, dass wissenschaftlicher Rat nur nachgefragt wird, wenn er die Wiederwahlchancen eines Politikers erhöht. Ein solches Verhalten führt jedoch zu einer systematischen Unter‐oder überinvestition in Beratung in bestimmten Politikfeldern, was aus gesamtgesellschaftlicher Sicht als ineffizient betrachtet werden muss. Nachdem die Rolle des Politikberaters im Rahmen dieses Investitionsverhaltens des Politikers untersucht wurde, wird eine Reihe von Massnahmen diskutiert, die diesen Fehlanreizen entgegenwirken können. Die theoretischen überlegungen werden beispielhaft am Fall Deutschlands illustriert, wo Probleme wissenschaftlicher Politikberatung in den letzten Jahren besonders auffällig geworden sind. Du point de vue de la nouvelle économie politique, la compétition entre les voix d'électeurs empêche les hommes et femmes politiques de réaliser des réformes. Puisque ceux‐ci visent avant tout leur proper réélection, les conseils scientifiques, demandant souvent des mesures peu populaires, ne sont pas pris en considération par les décideurs politiques. Ce problème soi‐disant d'implémentation a souvent été discuté dans la littérature économique et politique. Le présent article ajoute une discussion de la dimension quantitative et structurelle du conseil politique. Pour ce faire nous nous servons des connaissances venant de l'économie des innovations. Nous supposons que les conseils scientifiques ne sont suivis que lorsqu'ils augmentent les chances du politicien d'être réélu. Ce comportement mène cependant en certains domaines de la politique à un sur‐ou sous‐investissement systématique en conseil, ce qui est ineffectif d'un point de vue de l'ensemble de la société. Après avoir étudié le rôle du conseiller en politique dans le cadre de ce comportement d'investissement, nous discutons une série de mesures qui pourraient servir à contrecarrer ces fausses incitations. Les considérations théoriques sont illustrées à l'aide du cas de l'Allemagne, où ce genre de problèmes est devenu particulièrement évident au cours de ces dernières années.

Suggested Citation

  • Klaus Heine & Karsten Mause, 2004. "Policy Advice as an Investment Problem," Kyklos, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 57(3), pages 403-427, August.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:kyklos:v:57:y:2004:i:3:p:403-427
    DOI: 10.1111/j.0023-5962.2004.00260.x
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    1. Gebhard Kirchgässner, 2013. "Zur Rolle der Ökonometrie in der wissenschaftlichen Politikberatung," Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik, Verein für Socialpolitik, vol. 14(1-2), pages 3-30, February.
    2. Potrafke, Niklas, 2013. "Minority positions in the German Council of Economic Experts: A political economic analysis," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 31(C), pages 180-187.

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