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National Food Consumption Patterns: Converging Trends and the Implications for Health

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  • Thai H. Le
  • Marta Disegna
  • Tim Lloyd

Abstract

Worldwide, obesity almost tripled between 1975 and 2016 and is now prevalent in both rich and poor countries. Using annual food availability data produced by the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) covering half a century in 118 countries, this article explores the diets that are central to the problem of obesity, identifying groups of countries with similar consumption patterns. Applying algorithms from the fuzzy clustering literature, five distinct consumption patterns are revealed whose dietary composition broadly corresponds to diets that we label ‘Western’, ‘Traditional’, ‘Mediterranean’, ‘Tropical’ and ‘Vegetarian’. Despite differences in dietary characteristics, all five share two common themes: rising total calories and declining healthiness, both of which are linked to the substitution of plant‐based foods with food derived from animals. That the evidence points to a convergence on the ‘Western’ diet, the most obesogenic and least healthy of all the diets we consider, is a cause for concern. The key message is that in a future where people are predicted to live longer – but not necessarily healthier – lives, recent efforts to address the challenge are prescient, and as the results in the article imply, need to be heeded globally. L'obésité a presque triplé dans le monde entre 1975 et 2016 et elle est désormais répandue dans les pays riches comme dans les pays pauvres. À l'aide de données annuelles sur la disponibilité alimentaire couvrant un demi‐siècle dans 118 pays, produites par l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture (FAO), cet article explore les régimes alimentaires qui sont au cœur du problème de l'obésité, en identifiant des groupes de pays ayant des modes de consommation similaires. En appliquant des algorithmes tirés de la littérature sur les grappes floues, apparaissent cinq modes de consommation distincts dont la composition alimentaire correspond largement aux régimes que nous appelons ‘occid'entaux’, ‘traditionnels’, ‘méditerranéens’, ‘tropicaux’ et ‘végétariens’. Malgré des différences dans les caractéristiques alimentaires, les cinq partagent deux thèmes communs: l'augmentation des calories totales et la baisse du caractère bénéfique à la santé, tous deux liés à la substitution des aliments d'origine végétale par des aliments d'origine animale. Le fait que les résultats indiquent une convergence sur le régime ‘occidental’, le plus générateur d'obésité et le moins sain de tous les régimes que nous considérons, est préoccupant. Le message clé est que dans un avenir où les gens devraient vivre plus longtemps ‐ mais pas nécessairement en meilleure santé ‐, les efforts récents pour relever le défi sont visionnaires et, comme les résultats de l'article le sous‐entendent, doivent être pris en compte à l’échelle mondiale. Zwischen 1975 und 2016 hat sich die Anzahl an Übergewichtigen weltweit verdreifacht. Übergewicht ist heute in reichen wie auch in armen Ländern weit verbreitet. In diesem Artikel werden Ernährungsweisen betrachtet, die für das Problem des Übergewichts von zentraler Bedeutung sind und Gruppen von Ländern identifiziert, die ähnliche Ernährungsgewohnheiten aufweisen. Hierfür wurden jährliche Daten zur Lebensmittelverfügbarkeit verwendet, welche die Ernährungs‐ und Landwirtschaftsorganisation der Vereinten Nationen (FAO) über ein halbes Jahrhundert lang in 118 Ländern gesammelt hat. Unter Anwendung von Algorithmen aus der Fuzzy‐Clustering‐Literatur wurden fünf verschiedene Ernährungsmuster herausgearbeitet, deren Nahrungszusammensetzung allgemein der von uns als ‘westlich’, ‘traditionell’, ‘mediterran’, ‘tropisch’ und ‘vegetarisch’ bezeichneten Ernährungsformen entspricht. Trotz Unterschieden in ihren Merkmalen haben alle fünf Ernährungsformen zwei Themen gemeinsam: steigende Gesamtkalorienmenge und abnehmende Gesundheit, die beide in Verbindung mit dem Ersatz pflanzlicher Lebensmittel durch Lebensmittel auf Basis von Tierprodukten stehen. Dass die Erkenntnisse auf eine Annäherung an die „westliche” Ernährung hindeuten, welche die am stärksten Übergewicht verursachende und ungesündeste Ernährungsform unter allen betrachteten ist, gibt Anlass zur Sorge. Die Schlüsselbotschaft ist, dass in einer Zukunft, in der die Menschen voraussichtlich länger ‐ aber nicht unbedingt gesünder ‐ leben werden, die jüngsten Bemühungen zur Bewältigung dieser Herausforderung vielversprechend sind und, wie die Ergebnisse des Artikels andeuten, weltweit Beachtung finden müssen.

Suggested Citation

  • Thai H. Le & Marta Disegna & Tim Lloyd, 2023. "National Food Consumption Patterns: Converging Trends and the Implications for Health," EuroChoices, The Agricultural Economics Society, vol. 22(1), pages 66-73, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:eurcho:v:22:y:2023:i:1:p:66-73
    DOI: 10.1111/1746-692X.12272
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Rachel Griffith & Rodrigo Lluberas & Melanie Lührmann, 2016. "Gluttony and Sloth? Calories, Labor Market Activity and the Rise of Obesity," Journal of the European Economic Association, European Economic Association, vol. 14(6), pages 1253-1286.
    2. Lisa Oberlander & Anne‐Célia Disdier & Fabrice Etilé, 2017. "Globalisation and national trends in nutrition and health: A grouped fixed‐effects approach to intercountry heterogeneity," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 26(9), pages 1146-1161, September.
    3. Céline Giner & Jonathan Brooks, 2019. "Policies for encouraging healthier food choices," OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers 137, OECD Publishing.
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