Who adopts where and when? Electric vehicle diffusion with building-level localization in Germany

The electrification of private vehicles is a central element of decarbonizing transport and energy systems. Accurately anticipating when and where electric vehicles will be adopted is critical for charging infrastructure planning, distribution grid planning, and energy system operation, yet most diffusion models represent adoption at aggregated spatial scales. Here we introduce an open, high-resolution technology diffusion framework that links household-level electric vehicle adoption with GPS-exact residential locations. The framework combines a synthetic population, household-to-building matching, car ownership modeling, and a national Bass diffusion trajectory to translate aggregate electric vehicle growth into localized adoption pathways. We apply the framework to Germany from 2025 to 2050 and validate its main components against Census marginals, building assignments, and registered vehicle counts, demonstrating its suitability for spatially explicit EV diffusion analysis. The results reveal substantial spatial heterogeneity in electric vehicle diffusion across regions, municipalities, grid cells, and buildings. Differences in household income and the share of single-family houses shape local adoption trajectories, leading to higher adoption in West Germany than in East Germany and slightly higher adoption in rural than urban municipalities in aggregate. The framework provides an open and transferable basis for spatially explicit modeling of household technology adoption. Future research can build on these findings by applying the framework to other technologies or by linking GPS-exact electric vehicle diffusion to charging demand, system operation, and infrastructure planning.