Echoes of place: Mapping Europe's cultural mosaic - A theoretical framework for understanding regional characterization

This study proposes a comprehensive theoretical framework for regional identity formation across 95 European regions integrating Social Identity Theory, constructivist approaches, and nested identity theory. Using virtual snowball sampling from 2019 to 2024, participants selected their region's most salient characteristic among language, history, culture, societal norms, political autonomy, and economic independence. Findings show culture as the dominant identifier in 64% of regions, history in 26%, with notable language prominence in Spanish regions and varied autonomy emphasis in microstates and small European territories. Demographic correlations reveal stronger cultural identification among younger and economically vulnerable groups, whereas older participants favoured societal norms. These results support social identity and constructivist models, highlighting cultural identity's role as a stable bridge between local and supranational attachments and suggesting policy implications for fostering territorial cohesion within European integration.