IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/ifwkpb/340034.html

(H)ausquartiert: Regionale Unterschiede beim Zugang zu Wohneigentum
[Dreaming of a home: The regional divide in housing affordability]

Author

Listed:
  • Osswald do Amaral, Francisco
  • Staratschek, Gereon
  • Zdrzalek, Jonas
  • Zetzmann, Steffen

Abstract

Der gestiegene Eigenkapitalbedarf stellt die zentrale Hürde beim Immobilienerwerb in Deutschland dar. Im Median musste ein durchschnittlicher Haushalt, zwischen 2015 und 2024, 9,37 Jahre sparen, um das erforderliche Eigenkapital aufzubringen. • Einen wesentlichen Anteil macht hierbei nicht der Preis an sich aus, sondern die anfallenden Erwerbsnebenkosten. Allein für die Grunderwerbsteuer sowie die Notar- und Grundbuchkosten beträgt die mediane Sparzeit 1,46 Jahre. • Die regionale Ungleichheit ist erheblich: Die Sparzeit für den gesamten Eigenkapitalbedarf variiert zwischen den Kreisen stark und erreicht in München und seinem Umland sowie in anderen besonders teuren Wachstumsregionen Werte von weit über 20 Jahren. • Ein Vergleich zeigt: Hohe Gesamtbelastungen sind vor allem Ausdruck hoher Preise. Bei den Erwerbsnebenkosten kommen darüber hinaus Unterschiede zum Tragen, die auf die unterschiedlichen Grunderwerbsteuersätze der Bundesländer zurückzuführen sind. • Diese Einstiegshürde trifft diejenigen besonders hart, die über kein Vermögen und keine familiäre Unterstützung verfügen. Der Zugang zu Wohneigentum, und somit auch die Möglichkeit des Vermögensaufbaus, ist regional ungleich verteilt. • Wenn die Politik den Zugang zu Wohneigentum erleichtern möchte, sollte sie deshalb insbesondere bei den einmaligen Erwerbsnebenkosten ansetzen. Hier liegt ein eher kurzfristig beeinflussbarer Hebel als beim Preisniveau selbst. @• The rise in total upfront cash requirement has become the main obstacle to homeownership in Germany. Between 2015 and 2024, the average household needed a median of 9.37 years to save the necessary funds for a home purchase. • A substantial share of this burden comes not from the price itself, but from the closing costs incurred at purchase. For the real estate transfer tax and notary and land registry fees alone, the median saving time amounts to 1.46 years. • Regional inequality is considerable: the time needed to save for the total upfront cash requirement varies sharply across districts and exceeds 20 years in Munich and its surrounding area, as well as in other particularly expensive growth regions. • A comparison shows that high overall burdens primarily reflect high prices. In the case of closing costs, however, additional differences arise from the variation in real estate transfer tax rates across the German states. • This entry barrier hits those who lack wealth and family support especially hard. Access to homeownership, and thus also the opportunity to build wealth, is unevenly distributed across regions. • If policymakers want to broaden access to homeownership, they should focus in particular on one-off closing costs. This is a policy lever that can be influenced more readily in the short run than the price level itself.

Suggested Citation

  • Osswald do Amaral, Francisco & Staratschek, Gereon & Zdrzalek, Jonas & Zetzmann, Steffen, 2026. "(H)ausquartiert: Regionale Unterschiede beim Zugang zu Wohneigentum [Dreaming of a home: The regional divide in housing affordability]," Kiel Policy Briefs 210, Kiel Institute for the World Economy.
  • Handle: RePEc:zbw:ifwkpb:340034
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/340034/1/1968396349.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Fritzsche, Carolin & Vandrei, Lars, 2019. "The German real estate transfer tax: Evidence for single-family home transactions," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 131-143.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Davies, Clementine, 2021. "Financialisation and rental housing: A case study of Berlin," IPE Working Papers 153/2021, Berlin School of Economics and Law, Institute for International Political Economy (IPE).
    2. Milyausha R. Pinskaya & Rodion V. Balakin, 2023. "Fiscal Implications of a Complete Conversion to Taxation of Property of Organizations in Russia on the Basis of Cadastral Value," Journal of Applied Economic Research, Graduate School of Economics and Management, Ural Federal University, vol. 22(4), pages 834-860.
    3. Buettner Thiess & Krause Manuela, 2018. "Föderalismus im Wunderland: Zur Steuerautonomie bei der Grunderwerbsteuer," Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik, De Gruyter, vol. 19(1), pages 32-41, March.
    4. Krause, Manuela & Büttner, Thiess, 2017. "Does Fiscal Equalization Lead to Higher Tax Rates? Empirical Evidence from Germany," VfS Annual Conference 2017 (Vienna): Alternative Structures for Money and Banking 168214, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
    5. Frenzel Baudisch, Coletta & Dresselhaus, Carolin, 2019. "Impact of the German Real Estate Transfer Tax on the Commercial Real Estate Market," VfS Annual Conference 2019 (Leipzig): 30 Years after the Fall of the Berlin Wall - Democracy and Market Economy 203494, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
    6. Carolin Fritzsche & Lars Vandrei, 2016. "Auswirkungen von Grunderwerbsteuererhöhungen auf den Wohnungsmarkt," ifo Dresden berichtet, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 23(06), pages 14-19, December.
    7. David M. Brasington, 2026. "The Effect of Increased Police Spending on House Prices and Sales Volume: A Tale of Two Types of Cities," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 72(2), pages 425-450, February.
    8. Jens Boysen-Hogrefe & Wolfgang Scherf & Carolin Dresselhaus & Thomas Schäfer & Kunka Petkova & Alfons J. Weichenrieder & Reiner Holznagel & Jens Lemmer & Manuela Krause & Niklas Potrafke & Alfons Weic, 2017. "Stagnierende Wohneigentumsquote, Share Deals: Wie sollte die Grunderwerbsteuer reformiert werden?," ifo Schnelldienst, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 70(21), pages 03-24, November.
    9. Petkova, Kunka & Weichenrieder, Alfons, 2017. "Price and Quantity Effects of the German Real Estate Transfer Tax," VfS Annual Conference 2017 (Vienna): Alternative Structures for Money and Banking 168305, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
    10. Euijune Kim & Ayoung Kim & Kyung-Min Nam, 2024. "Impacts of demand and supply-side interventions on South Korea’s housing markets: a dynamic housing-CGE analysis," The Annals of Regional Science, Springer;Western Regional Science Association, vol. 73(1), pages 397-429, June.
    11. Manuela Krause & Niklas Potrafke, 2020. "The Real Estate Transfer Tax and Government Ideology: Evidence from the German States," FinanzArchiv: Public Finance Analysis, Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, vol. 76(1), pages 100-120.
    12. Frenzel Baudisch, Coletta & Dresselhaus, Carolin, 2018. "Impact of the German real estate transfer: Tax on the commercial real estate market," Finanzwissenschaftliche Arbeitspapiere 100, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Fachbereich Wirtschaftswissenschaften.
    13. Daniel Jonas Schmidt, "undated". "Property transfer taxes, residential mobility, and welfare," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 22-042/VI, Tinbergen Institute.
    14. Eerola, Essi & Harjunen, Oskari & Lyytikäinen, Teemu & Saarimaa, Tuukka, 2021. "Revisiting the effects of housing transfer taxes," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 124(C).
    15. Muhammad Adil Rauf & Olaf Weber, 2022. "Housing Sustainability: The Effects of Speculation and Property Taxes on House Prices within and beyond the Jurisdiction," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-19, June.
    16. Elisabeth Arnold & Katharina Falkner & Margit Schratzenstaller & Franz Sinabell, 2023. "Auswirkungen des Flächenverbrauchs für die Versorgungssicherheit und steuerliche Instrumente zu dessen Eindämmung," WIFO Studies, WIFO, number 71122.
    17. Dolls, Mathias & Fuest, Clemens & Krolage, Carla & Neumeier, Florian, 2025. "Who bears the burden of real estate transfer taxes? Evidence from the German housing market," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 145(C).
    18. Lars Vandrei, 2018. "Does Regulation Discourage Investors? Sales Price Effects of Rent Controls in Germany," ifo Working Paper Series 262, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich.
    19. Bofinger, Peter & Feld, Lars P. & Schmidt, Christoph M. & Schnabel, Isabel & Wieland, Volker, 2018. "Vor wichtigen wirtschaftspolitischen Weichenstellungen. Jahresgutachten 2018/19 [Setting the Right Course for Economic Policy. Annual Report 2018/19]," Annual Economic Reports / Jahresgutachten, German Council of Economic Experts / Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung, volume 127, number 201819.
    20. Yongheng Deng & Congyan Han & Teng Li & Yonglin Wang, 2024. "The effectiveness and consequences of the government's interventions for Hong Kong's residential housing markets," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 52(2), pages 324-365, March.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    JEL classification:

    • R21 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - Household Analysis - - - Housing Demand
    • R31 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location - - - Housing Supply and Markets
    • D31 - Microeconomics - - Distribution - - - Personal Income and Wealth Distribution
    • G51 - Financial Economics - - Household Finance - - - Household Savings, Borrowing, Debt, and Wealth

    NEP fields

    This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:zbw:ifwkpb:340034. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/iwkiede.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.