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Determinants of the Informal Economy: The Importance of Regional Factors

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  • Krakowski, Michael

Abstract

This paper analyses the determinants of the size of the informal economy using crosscountry regressions. Two sets of global data using indirect estimation techniques and the perception of business leaders for 109 countries as well as a regional set for Latin America based on direct data are used to estimate the size of the informal economies. Indirect estimation techniques arrive at higher estimates of the size of the informal economy than the perceptions of business leaders because they include not only the (fundamentally legal) activities of the informal sector, but also those activities which are illegal per se. Both kinds of estimate show strong regional differences in the size of the informal economies. Regressions on a set of indicators covering the intensity of regulations, taxes and the cost of establishing a business reveal that the intensity of labour regulations seems to be the most important factor in explaining the size of the informal economy in cross-country regressions using the rational behaviour approach. Socio-cultural indicators are only important in explaining the size of the informal economies in Latin America. Government efficiency is an important factor in explaining the size of the informal economy in world regressions. Regional regressions reveal that different aspects of governance dominate the relationship between government efficiency and the size of the informal economy in the different regions. Governments that seek to limit or decrease the size of the informal economy must therefore start from a country-specific analysis of the reasons why economic agents choose to conduct their business in the informal sector.

Suggested Citation

  • Krakowski, Michael, 2005. "Determinants of the Informal Economy: The Importance of Regional Factors," HWWA Discussion Papers 313, Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWA).
    • Handle: RePEc:zbw:hwwadp:26313
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    File URL: https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/19285/1/313.pdf
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    Cited by:

    1. repec:ilo:ilowps:413498 is not listed on IDEAS
    2. Andrzej Buszko, 2017. "The Level Of Shadow Economy In Warmińsko-Mazurski And Kujawsko-Pomorski Regions," Copernican Journal of Finance & Accounting, Uniwersytet Mikolaja Kopernika, vol. 6(4), pages 9-21.
    3. Sarsen Zhanabekov, 2022. "Robust determinants of the shadow economy," Bulletin of Economic Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 74(4), pages 1017-1052, October.
    4. Luiz de Mello, 2009. "Avoiding the Value Added Tax," Public Finance Review, , vol. 37(1), pages 27-46, January.
    5. Rei, Diego. & Bhattacharyya, Manas., 2008. "The impact of institutions and policy on informal economy in developing countries : an econometric exploration," ILO Working Papers 994134983402676, International Labour Organization.
    6. Ozan Gülhan & Alban Hetemi & Egzon Osmani, 2020. "Determinants of the Informal Economy in EU Countries," Romanian Economic Journal, Department of International Business and Economics from the Academy of Economic Studies Bucharest, vol. 23(75), pages 2-15, March.
    7. Belal Fallah, 2014. "The Pros and Cons of Formalizing Informal MSES in the Palestinian Economy," Working Papers 893, Economic Research Forum, revised Dec 2014.
    8. Anzhelika Viktorovna Karpushkina & Irina Valentinovna Danilova & Svetlana Vladimirovna Voronina & Irina Petrovna Savelieva, 2021. "Assessing the Impact of Employment in the Informal Sector of the Economy on Labor Market Development," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-15, July.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    informal sector; tax evasion; business regulation;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • H26 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Tax Evasion and Avoidance
    • O17 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements

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