Sustainability Issues in Global Value Chains and New Strategic Adaptation Models of Transnational Companies

The increasing complexity of global value chains has created significant challenges for multinational corporations seeking sustainable operations. Environmental, social, and governance pressures, coupled with geopolitical uncertainties and fluctuating market dynamics, have highlighted vulnerabilities in traditional supply chain structures. Firms are increasingly exposed to risks such as resource scarcity, regulatory shifts, climate-related disruptions, and social responsibility expectations, which can affect both operational efficiency and long-term competitiveness. This study explores the sustainability challenges in global value chains and analyzes how multinational companies adapt their strategies to maintain resilience and competitive advantage. By reviewing recent literature and case studies, the research identifies key patterns in strategic adjustments, including diversification of suppliers, digitalization of supply chain management, implementation of circular economy principles, and investment in green logistics. The study emphasizes that successful adaptation requires an integrated approach, combining technological innovation, stakeholder engagement, and proactive risk management. Furthermore, corporate governance practices play a critical role in ensuring that sustainability objectives are aligned with broader organizational goals. The findings suggest that firms capable of embedding sustainability into core strategic decision-making not only mitigate risks but also create long-term value for shareholders, employees, customers, and society. By examining both the challenges and adaptive strategies, this research provides practical insights for managers and policymakers aiming to enhance the resilience and sustainability of international supply networks. Ultimately, the study contributes to the understanding of how global value chains can evolve under pressure, highlighting the importance of dynamic strategy formulation, continuous monitoring, and collaboration across borders to achieve enduring competitive performance in an increasingly complex and uncertain global environment.