Are European business cycles close enough to be just one?

We propose a comprehensive methodology to characterize the business cycle comovements across European economies and some industrialized countries, always trying to "leave the data speak". Out of this framework, we propose a novel method to show that there is no "Euro economy" that acts as an attractor to the other economies of the area. We show that the relative comovements across EU economies are prior to the establishment of the Monetary Union. We are able to explain an important proportion of the distances across their business cycles using macro-variables related to the structure of the economy, to the directions of trade, and to the size of the public sector. Finally, we show that the distances across countries that belong to the European Union are smaller than the distances across newcomers